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ALLITERATION  IN  THE  CHANSON  DE  ROLAND  AND 
IN  THE  CARMEN  DE  PRODICIONE  GUENONIS 


(HI)?  llmorrBitii  nf  C2!I]tragn 


ALLITERATION  IN  THE  CHANSON  DE 

ROLAND  AND  IN  THE  CARMEN 

DE  PRODICIONE  GUENONIS 

A  DISSERTATION 

SUBMITTED  TO   THE  FACULTY 

OF  THE  GRADUATE  SCHOOL  OF  ARTS  AND  LITERATURE 

IN  CANDIDACY  FOR  THE  DEGREE  OF 

DOCTOR  OF   PHILOSOPHY 

DEPARTMENT  OF  ROMANCE  LANGUAGES 


BY 

Alexander  Haggerty  Krappe 


IOWA  CITY,  IOWA 
1921 


K7 


THE  ATHENS  PRINT  SHOP 

Iowa  City,  Iowa 


TO 

Dr.  Franz  Nobiling 


ALLITERATION  IN  THE  CHANSON  DE  ROLAND  AND 
IN  THE  CARMEN  DE  PRODICIONE  GUENONIS 


The  occurrence  of  alliteration  in  Romance  prose  and  verse 
has  for  years  been  a  well  established  fact\  Most  scholars 
who  have  dealt  with  Old  French  alliteration  have  considered 
only  that  of  coordinated  words^  For  the  purpose  of  finding 
alliterating  formulas  of  genuinely  popular  character,  this 
method  of  procedure  is  doubtless  the  right  one,  since  a  com- 
parative study  tells  us  that  popular  alliteration  is  found  with 
coordinated  words  only.  Kohler  admits  that  intentional  use 
of  alliteration  can  be  found  outside  this  group',  and  wherever 
alliteration  occurs  as  a  poetic  device,  in  Greek,  Latin,  Teutonic, 
and  Provengal  poetry,  it  is  not  restricted  to  coordinated  words. 
What  is  needed,  therefore,  is  a  study  on  the  use  of  alliteration 
as  a  means  of  poetic  technique  in  at  least  one  monument  of 
Old  French  literature,  and  for  many  reasons  the  Chanson  de 
Roland  deserves  the  first  place  in  our  attention. 

A  discussion  of  the  term  alliteration,  though  necessary,  may 
be  dispensed  with  here,  since  its  different  definitions  have  re- 
ceived adequate  treatment  in  most  of  the  studies  mentioned 
in  the  bibliography*.  I  take,  then,  as  a  basis  the  definition  of 
Plautinus :  Fitalliteratioquoties  dictiones  continuatae  vel  binae 
vel  ternae  ab  iisdem  primis  consonantibus,  mutatis  aliquando 
vocalibus,  aut  ab  iisdem  incipiunt  syllabis,  aut  ab  iisdem 
primis  vocalibus. 

To  this  must  be  added  some  supplementary  remarks  and 
modifications.  Riese,  Kohler,  and  Kriete,  following  the  ex- 
ample of  Wolfilin,  went  on  the  assumption  that  each  vowel 
alliterates  only  with  itself,  as  a  with  a,  o  with  o,  etc.,  as  in 
Latin,  contrary  to  Teutonic  usage.  Scholz  pointed  out  objec- 
tions to  this  rule,  but  added  that  the  Teutonic  use  of  allitera- 

1.  cf.  the  works  of  Fuchs,  Wolfflin,  Paul  Meyer,  Grober,  C.  Michaelis, 
Riese,  Kohler,  Kriete,  and  Scholz. 

2.  Riese,  p.  16;  Kohler,  pp.  92  and  100. 
o.    p.  100. 

4.     Riese,  pp.  6-8;  Kohler,  p.  92;  Kriete,  p.  10;  Scholz,  pp.  385-92. 


ALLITEKATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


tion  of  all  vowels  with  each  other  is  probably  due  to  the  fact 
that  each  vowel  was  preceded  by  a  sort  of  aspirate  h  in  the 
Teutonic  languages.^  I  do  not  see  any  possibility  of  test- 
ing whether  the  occurrence  of  two  or  more  words,  each 
beginning  with  a  different  vowel,  is  due  to  mere  chance,  or 
whether  it  must  be  considered  as  intentional  alliteration. 
It  may  be  observed,  however,  that  the  feeling  for  quan- 
tity and  quality  of  vowels  was  so  well  developed  that  at  the 
time  of  the  Roland  g  did  not  assonance  with  o  nor  e  with  ^  or 
e.^  There  would  be  a  certain  contradiction  in  the  principles  of 
versification,  should  we  assume  that  this  feeling  was  devel- 
oped to  such  an  extent  with  regard  to  the  vowels  in  assonance 
and  was  absent  altogether  with  regard  to  the  vowels  in  alliter- 
ation. I  shall  use,  then,  as  a  basis  for  the  consideration  of 
vowel  alliteration  the  same  principles  which  are  followed  in 
the  assonances  of  the  poem,  so  that,  for  instance,  e  alliterates 
only  with  e,  §  with  §,  etc.,  bearing  in  mind,  however,  that  this 
is  an  a  priori  assumption  which  can  neither  be  proved  nor 
disproved. 

The  study  will  have  a  phonetic  basis,  as  at  that  early  time 
alliteration  was  supposed  to  have  an  effect  on  the  ear,  not  on 
the  eye.  Thus  gente  and  jamais  would  alliterate,  in  spite  of 
the  different  spelling,  but  not  gente  and  grant.  Becq  de  Fou- 
quieres  justly  distinguishes  between  alliteration  forte  and  al- 
literation faible,  calling  an  alliteration  "strong"  if  the  two  al- 
literating sounds  are  perfectly  identical ;  "weak,"  if  the  one  is 
voiced,  the  other  voiceless.  The  latter  of  these  two  groups 
does  not  appear  to  play  such  an  important  part  in  Old  French 
as  it  does  in  Provencal ;  it  has  therefore  been  left  out  of  con- 
sideration in  this  study. 

1.  Zeitsch.  f.  rom.  Phil.  XXXVII,  1913,  388. 

2.  An  apparent  exception  to  this  rule  we  find  in  the  alliteration, 
Huns  :  Hongres,  Rol.  3254.  There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  initial  h  was 
silent  at  the  period  of  the  poem.  But  in  this  case  there  would  be  no 
longer  any  alliteration  for  the  ear,  unless  we  assume  that  both  vowels 
had  the  same  sound,  in  spite  of  the  different  spelling.  On  the  other  hand, 
alliteration  was  certainly  intended  in  this  particular  case,  the  two  words 
being  syntactically  coordinated. 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN 


Owing-  to  the  difference  in  stress  of  Teutonic  and  Romance 
words,  a  requisite  which  is  indispensable  in  Germanic  alliter- 
ating verse,  namely,  that  tonic  syllable  and  alliteration  must 
coincide,  need  not  be  insisted  upon  in  the  discussion  of  Old 
French  alliteration. 

The  prefix  does  not  count  in  cases  where  the  root  syllable 
alliterates  with  another  word  or  root  syllable,  and  where  it  is 
likely  to  have  been  clearly  recognized  as  such,  which  was  cer- 
tainly the  case  in  compounds,  the  simple  forms  of  which  still 
existed.  Thus  demandet  alliterates  with  main,  though  of 
course  it  may  also  alliterate  with  Deu. 

The  effect  of  alliteration  can  be  intensified  by  an  accordance 
of  one  or  more  sounds  following  the  initial,  or  of  the  whole 
first  syllables.  A  still  higher  degree  of  intensity  is  reached 
when  a  word  alliterates  with  itself,  with  one  of  its  derivatives 
or  with  an  etymologically  related  word,  though  some  scholars 
consider  these  as  special  cases  belonging  to  the  realm  of  rhet- 
orical figures. 

There  is  a  group  of  words,  fulfilling  such  elementary  and 
absolutely  necessary  functions  from  the  grammatical  point  of 
view  that  they  occur  very  frequently,  being  essential  parts  of 
every  complete  sentence.  They  have  been  left  out  of  consid- 
eration altogether.    Such  words  are: 

1.  Article,  definite  or  indefinite. 

2.  Pronouns. 

3.  Common  adverbs,  such  as  puis. 

4.  Positive  and  negative  particles,  such  as  si,  ni,  ne,  ja, 

guaires,  etc. 

5.  Prepositions. 

6.  Conjunctions. 

Cases  of  elision  have  not  been  considered  either,  because  the 
word,  whose  vowel  is  elided,  belongs  to  the  above  named 
group  of  indispensable  words,  and  because  the  vowel,  losing 
its  character  as  an  initial,  can  no  longer  be  regarded  as  ca- 
pable of  alliteration. 

Finally,  cases  are  to  be  noted  where  the  poet  could  not  pos- 
sibly have  expressed  himself  differently,  even  if  alliteration 


ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


had  been  absent  altogether  and  where  it  is  therefore  very 
doubtful  whether  the  alliteration  alone  prompted  him  to  use 
the  word  combination  in  question.  An  example  of  this  is  found 
in  Rol.  2235:  aval  :  amont.  Such  cases  have  not  been  con- 
sidered. 

As  a  basis  for  this  study  I  have  used  for  the  Roland  the  read- 
ings of  the  forthcoming  college  edition,  The  Song  of  Roland 
(Oxford  Version)  by  Professor  Th.  A.  Jenkins  (D.  C.  Heath  & 
Co.)^;  for  the  Carmen  the  edition  of  Gaston  Paris,  Rom.  XI, 
1882,  pp.  465  ff. 

Before  entering  upon  a  discussion  of  the  origins  of  the 
alliterations  of  the  Roland,  we  must  draw  a  distinction  be- 
tween the  occurrence  of  alliteration  in  artless  every-day  prose 
and  its  use  as  a  means  of  poetic  technique  by  a  liter- 
ary man.  I  can,  for  instance,  think  of  a  case  where  a  lan- 
guage possesses  a  large  number  of  popular  alliterating  for- 
mulas which  are  commonly  used  in  colloquial  conversation, 
but  where  for  reasons  of  taste  or  literary  tradition  they  are 
strictly  excluded  from  poetry.  On  the  other  hand,  there 
is  a  possibility  of  alliteration  being  constantly  used  in  the 
elevated  genres,  perhaps  under  foreign  influence,  and  remain- 
ing entirely  strange  to  the  people,  though  such  a  case  in  its 
extreme  form,  at  least,  may  never  have  existed.  As  this  study 
purports  to  treat  alliteration  as  a  poetic  device,  we  shall  not 
have  to  answer  the  question  of  the  origins  of  popular  allitera- 
tion in  Northern  France.  It  is  an  established  fact  that  at  the 
end  of  the  eleventh  century  it  already  existed. 

The  use  of  alliteration  as'  a  poetic  device  in  the  Roland  may 
come  from  two  groups  of  sources : 

It  may  be  the  invention  of  the  author,  who,  noticing  the 
vast  treasure  of  popular  alliterations  current  among  the 
people,  took  over  a  goodly  number  of  them,  increasing  them 
by  additions  of  his  own,  with  the  intention  of  enhancing  the 

1.  Professor  Jenkins  has  numbered  the  lines  just  as  they  occur  in  the 
Oxford  manuscript,  that  is,  making  no  transpositions  of  laisses,  either  at 
11.  239-331,  or  at  11.  1467-1671.  It  will  be  necessary  to  keep  this  in  mind 
in  verifying  references  found  in  these  two  sections  of  the  poem. 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN 


beauty  of  his  poem  by  so  doing.  Or,  it  may  be  a  borrowing 
from  another  literature  where  alliteration  was  already  used 
as  a  poetic  device. 

If  the  first  of  these  two  suppositions  be  true,  it  must  be  con- 
cluded that  the  majority  of  the  alliterations  found  in  the  poem 
are  of  popular  character.  We  know  that  popular  alliteration 
is  restricted  to  certain  formulas  consisting  of  two  or  more 
alliterating,  coordinated  words.  The  number  of  examples  rep- 
resenting this  kind  of  alliteration  is  very  small  in  the  Roland. 
I  quote  them  here  in  alphabetical  order : 

haston  :  brief,  341  fous  :  flambe,  2535 

blnnches  :  beles,  2250  frainst  :  desconfist,  1247,  1305 

blans  :  blois,  999,  1800  frait  :  fendut,  3604,  3927 

bleciede  :  blesmide,  590  longes  :  larges,  2852 

bons  :  beles,  3064  7nesse  :  matines,  164,  670 

codart  :  codardie,  1486  pers  :  pales,  1979 

code  :  crignete,  1494  pers  :  parenz,  1421 

cors  :  contenant,  118  piez  :  poinz,  1969 

deriedre  :  devant,  1832,  3118     plorent  :  plaignent,  3722 

desoz  :  delez,  114  porz  :  passages,  741 

doel  :  damage,  2983  regnes  :  reis,  3408 

duist  :  detoerst,  772  rei  :  reine,  2713 

fer  :  /w^i,  1602  rehws  :  reflambes,  2317 

/i^^  :  fredres,  2420,  3411  ymdgenes  :  ydeles,  3664 

/or^  :  ^ers,  1879 

Of  these  examples  some  might  be  considered  as  not  genuine- 
ly popular.  Compared  with  the  large  number  of  other  allit- 
erations, they  form  a  very  insignificant  fraction  of  the  total, 
and  the  theory  that  the  poet  took  over  the  device  from 
popular  sources  can  no  longer  be  maintained.  It  must  then 
be  a  borrowing  from  another  literature  which  used  it  in 
poetry. 

There  were  three  great  literatures  using  alliteration  in 
verse  which  were  either  flourishing  at  the  time  or  were  at 
least  well  known  and  assiduously  studied: 

Teutonic  literature  (Anglo-Saxon,  Old  Norse) 


6  ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 

Classical  Latin  literature 

Mediaeval  Latin  literature 

All  three  may  have  furnished  some  of  the  elements  out  of 
which  the  Old  French  epic  was  built  up.  In  order  to  gain  the 
criteria  necessary  to  decide  which  of  the  three  suggested  the 
use  of  alliteration  to  the  author  of  the  Roland,  we  must  classify 
the  whole  material  according  to  the  number  of  alliterating 
words  and  their  position  in  the  epic  verse. 

The  following  tables  show  the  alliteration  in  the  Chanson 
de  Roland;  the  syllables  have  been  designated  by  their  num- 
ber in  sequence;  thus  an  alliteration  consisting  of  two  allit- 
erating syllables  the  first  of  which  is  the  first  syllable  of  the 
verse,  the  second  the  sixth,  would  fall  under  the  heading  1-6. 

I.     Alliterations  within  one  verse  line 

A.     Alliterations  consisting  of  two  alliterating  words: 

§  1.  1-3 

254     respont  :  Rodlanz,  also:     1701  mielz  :  morir,  also: 
292,    1062,    1088,    1106,  2336,  2738 

1394,  1591,  1752,  2006       1851  Rodlanz  :  reguardet, 

1258  ferez    :  Franceis,  also:  also:  1978 

1937  2454  Charles   :  chevalche, 

1600  tot  :  trenchat  3695  Charles  :  cheval- 

1695  plaindre  :  podoms  chet 

3729  quatre  :  contesses 

§  2.  1-4 

117     blanche  :  barhe  1586  trenchet    :    teste,   also: 

248     respont   :  reis  1956 

359     mielz  :  moerge  1654  Franceis  :  fierent,  also: 

790     passez  :  porz  1662 

1132  clamez  :  colpes  2285  ovrit  :  oeilz 

1233  ferez  :  Franc  2360  tornat   :  teste 

1536  brochet     :     bien,    also:     2383  claimet  :  colpe,  also: 
1573,    1944,   2128;    bro-  2239 

chent  :  bien  3877  2748  quite  :  claim 

2974  venir  :  volt 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN 


§   3.   1-5 


76  teres  :  tant 

450  dient  :  desfaimes 

1022  tanz  :  tanz 

1311  Mar^gariz  :  molt 

1938  dist  :  dehet 

2093  alquanz  :  alquanz 

2466  molt  :  merveillose 


2724  rffs^  :  da???e 

2766  isnelement  :  issent 

3201  6eZs  :  Baliganz 

3234  Charles  :  chevalchet 

3300  moZ^  :  Monjoie 

3471  2?aiew  :  Preciose 


§  4.  1-6 

64      Estra^nariz  :  Eudropin      1628  die^ii  :  dechiedent 


472     c^cr?w  :  donrat 

938     Franceis  :  France,  also : 

989 
1080  Franceis  :  ferront 
1454  se2?^  :  sonent 
1519  praynis  :  prendrom 


1799  esczts:   :  espiez 
2092  ieZs  :  troevet 
2301  rfis   :  (Zoe^ 
3535  Gefreit  :  Jozeran 
3744  asemhlet  :  Ais 


234     saveir  :  seif 
921     phfs  :  Piedres 
1251  guardet  :  gloton 
2020  trestoz  :  tere 


§  5.  1-7 

2154  lancons  :  laissoms 
2185  cerchet  :  cerchet 
2475  Franceis  :  fustes 


§  6.  1-8 


206     loderent  :  legerie 
434     pns   :  podestet 
1146  sire  :  saviiez 
2200  Rodlanz  :  recerchier 
2533  ^'e^f  :  t'CTis: 
2730  drodmonz  :  dire 


52  Charles  :  chapele 

283  -yaiVs  :  visage 

789  'yms'i  :  vaillanz 

1230  gtmrdet  :  gloton 


2733  rendre  :  recredant 
2896  tornez  :  tenebros 
8086  cors  :  contenances 
3447  -z^aif  :  vasselage 
3614  repaidret :  remembrance 
3987  chrestiene  :  conoissance 

§  7.  1-9 

1370  j^e?'f  :  Valferrede 
1467  Marsilies   :  martirie 
1744  venget  :  vengier 
1957  brandist  :  abatut 


ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


1991  tant  :  troblet 

2895  cors   :  color,  also:  3763 

2953  toz  :  trovez 


3166  fait  :  fosset 
3264  paien  :  prodome 
3723  Aide  :  alede 
3929  brandit  :  abatut 


47       dtst  :  destre 
561     /on;t  :  Frans 
2884  prenent   :  pm 
2998  reclaimet  :  Rome 


1019  'yeii  :  -yemV 
2307  tantes  :  ^eres 


177     Frans  :  France 
289     Z)eti5  :  cZoweit 
356     estraiz  :  estes 
757     m^t?  :  mtiZe 
956     tient  :  iere 
1299  ioi  :  trenchet 
1323  quinze  :  cols 
1969  p^e^:  :  pom^: 


1-10 

3133  fier  :  faillent 
3136  sone2;  :  sachent 
3408  regnes  :  reis 


§  9.  2-3 

2944  dis^ 


(Zito; 


§  10.  2-4 

2208  ftistes  :  filz 

2278  fut  :  forz 
2535  foils  :  fiainbes 

2930  barbe  :  blanche 

2938  donget  :  Deus 

3382  /iti  :  /ori 

3739  6ie?i  :  batent 


310  Sarragoce 
2589  Tervagant 
2722  devendrai 


§  11.  2-5 

sai  2875  coZs  :  conut 

tolent  3269  Chanelius  :  chevalchent 

dolorose  3531  quens  :  codardise 


§  12.  2-6 


491  pris   :  2?ms 

502  meillors  :  meinet 

772  duisi  :  detoerst 

852  Sarragoce  :  sower 

892  conduirai  :  cors 

923  Rencesvals  :  Rodlant 


1346  tZo2;e  :  deivent 
2034  ^^ari  :  poei 
2258  paredis  :  2?orie 
2381  poe^  :  pZori 
2635  mie  :  772.er 
3239  ValfoU  :  venut 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN 


§  13. 

,  2-7 

115 

faldestoel  :  fait 

1188  nies  :  no7n 

477 

podestet  :  pris 

2461  Val-Tenebre  :  vont 

538 

Charlemagne    :   chanuz, 

3085  milie  :  tneillors 

also:  551 

3137  tote  :  favors 

863     szVe  :  servit 
878     co»?  batrai   : 

nons 
1658  Sarrazin  :  soffrir 


§  14.  2-8 

2084  quatre  :  cors 
compaig-       2483  Rencesvals   :  repaidrier 
2670  Clarifan  :  Clariien 
3018  chevalchiez  :  c/ife/ 


§  15.  2-9 


155     voldrat  :  devenir 

405     chevalchierent :  chemins 

1291  'yai^  :  Valterne 

1294  ^erf  :  forceles 

1594  Malquidanz  :  Malcud 

1881  mdmes  :  mostiers 


1882  preierat  :  pecchiez 
2029  /esis  :  forsfis 
2134  ^fziens  :  codart 
2308  Charles  :  chanude 
3067  guiderat  :  Godselmes 
3486  chevaliers  :  chadir 


773  poei  :  2?^or^ 

935  frois  :  ^esie 

1428  Safn^   :  sen^;   > 

1940  pdieti  :  po{ 

2377  plusors   :  pnsi 

2431  France  :  /?or 


242     firra?!^  :  guerre 
897    /afi  :  /lers 


§  16.  2-10 

2847  Gabriel  :  gtiardet 
3069  Flamengs  :  Frisie 
3253  premiere  :  Malprose 
3263  sow^  :  sonent 
3627  rfis^  :  rfoeZs 


§  17.  3-4 

2261  pers 


priet 


§  18.  3-5 
1416  Franceis  :  /lerent  2044  reclaimet  :  Rodlant 

1551  'i;erttt^  :  vait,  also:  3878     2186  Germ   :  Gener 
1784  mayor  :  moZi  3176  Malprimes  :  moZf 

1999  demandet  :  dolcement        3699  7nessages  :  mandet 


10 


ALLITERATION  IN   THE  ROLAND 


§  19.  3-6 


179     coynencet  :  conseilz 
940     part  :  paiens,  also :  1562 
1185  fe7'ir  :  fereient 
1347  Franceis   :  fierent, 

1652  Franceis  :  fieri 
1922  Rodlanz  :  recevroms 


2133  repaidret  :  reis 

2365  pecchiez  :  porojfrit 

2588  bastons  :  batent 

2861  vantoent  :  vaillant 

3057  comandet  :  conte 

3667  evesque  :  ez^es 


61       paien  :  2^oei 
201     Marsilies  :  772oZi 
537     paiens   :  puis 
568     paiens  :  perte 
1117  seignor  :  soffrir 


20.  3-7 

1376  Rodlanz  :  receif 
1532  major  :  metrat 
1912  rapelt  :  retorneront 
3114  esc^ti  :  espiet 
3943  amonter  :  mule 


21. 


240     fereit  :  /esisi 
761     Rodlanz  :  riedreguarde 
1869  Rodlanz  :  repaidriez 
1977  (fo^or  :  desevret 


3-8 

2165  Espaigne  :  espleitier 

2596  chevels  :  chaitive 

2981  vedrom  :  vasselage 

3195  chevalchent  :  cMe/ 


§  22 

3-9 

198 

conquis  : 

Commibles 

1749  plorront  :  p^iie'i 

251 

sedeir  :  semont 

2404  Gerins   :  Geriers 

441 

Marsilies 

:  mudede 

2692  aproisment  :  amont 

454 

Franceis 

:   /eWr,   also: 

2765  message  :  montet 

3203 

2923  Poillain  :  Paleme 

645 

c/iamez'Zz 

:  chargiez 

2972  charettes   :  chemin 

1015 

on^  :  on^ 

3664  ymdgenes  :  f  deles 

1150  Marsilies 

:  marchiet 

3719  Rodla7it  :  reynaigne 

1466 

changon  : 

chantede 

247     cZits  :  cZoii 
278     Franceis  :  /o-zre 
1348  paien  :  pasment 
1857  vassals  :  vit 


23.  3-10 

2270  pasmez  :  2?^es 
2811  montet  :  muls 
3628  esclargiez  :  coers 
3853  porter  :  place 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN 


11 


1949  magnes  :  mar 
2004  vei  :  veiet 
2823  dit  :  dolente 


131     charre  :  charreier 
507     prot  :  plevide 
680     mandet   :  Marsilies 
804    Frans   :  France 
1037  ^JOiif   :  2^'^^ 
1115  mi^i'e  :  7nist 
1779  ^si  :  /2t5i 


§  24.  4-5 

2876  verte  :  veit 
2892  re2s  :  revint 
3154  /er  :  /iis^ 

§  25.  4-6 

2420  filz  :  fredres 
2549  gualt  :  granz 
2719  poign   :  perdut 
2824  S'i're   :  seignor 
3047  be^es  :  bows 
3701  mandet  :  mandet 


§  26.  4-7 


239     mandet   :  mercit 

837     25om2;  :  depegout 

844     /e;  :  M'f 

883     riedreguarde  :  grant 

1613  par^  :  paiens 

1856  /Zors  :  /ace^ 

1928  champ  :  Charles 


97       2?me  :  peceiez 
261     barbe   :  blancheier 
1105  /cl^f  :  /eraf 
1154  armes  :  avenanz 


2087  ??2oi  :  ?me 
2232  7^iort  :  woZ^ 
2891  pasmet  :  ^joit^ 
3229  Nigres  :  noefme 
3721  7norte  :  mercit 
3799  pZei^   :  preiom 
3919  /rowf  :  /m^e 

27.  4-8 

1177  pH  :  porpenset 
2080  co?^s    :  quatre 
2472  -yoni  :  ^u^ 


§  28.  4-9 


484 

poign  :  paien 

1249  bien  :  brandir 

696 

mains   :  comandez 

1690  moergent  :  molt 

741 

porz  :  passages 

1768  reis   :  Rodlant 

746 

dit  :  diables 

1866  fredre  :  faillir 

1107 

coer   :  codardet 

2103  t'oeZ^  :  vendrat 

1184 

ait  :  aler 

2147  ior^;   :  ajornez 

1218 

piet  :  pout 

2163  Rodlanz  :  r ernes 

12 


ALLITERATION   IN   THE  ROLAND 


2184  tornet  :  toz 
2234  drecet  :  dolor 
2457  mot   :  montez 


937     per  :  perdre 
1404  magnes  :  demente 
1660  force   :  Franc 
1841  trop  :  iens 
2007  pardoins  :  Deu 
2090  presse  :  plus 
2371  /ai^  :  /m 


2713  rei  :  re'ine 
3404  veit  :  voeZ^ 
3523  6oc/ie  :  buisine 


§  29.  4-10 


2852  longes   :  larges 
3064  &0W5  :  beles 
3122  bronie  :  barbe 
3254  Hums   :  Hongres 
3735  /e?  :  /er 
3969  Guenles   :  grant 


§  30.  5-6 

1021  vei 

:  vemr 

2106  molt   : 

malement 

1858  toz 

:  tens 

3800  claimt 

:  Q'wfie 

443     wisi  :  main 
999     &Zaws   :  ?)Zozs 
2558  vedeit  :  femV 


§  31.  5-7 

2563  Vint   :  veltres 
2656  premiers  :  parlat 
3585  72M^  :  nwit 


§  32.  5-8 
656     Rodlant  :  riedreguarde      1842  chevalchet   :  Charle- 
1282  Torgis  :  Tortelose  magnes 

1486  codart  :  codardie  1939  Franceis  :  fierent 

2396  portent  :  paredis 

§  33.  5-9 

236     ifo;^   :  foZtt^;  1895  Y^'dne   :  /von 

327     irop  :  maltalant  2144  /eZ  :  ferrat 


3463  chevalchet 


1118  /or^;  :  /m^; 


§  34.  5-10 
champ  3846  pleges 


plait 


35.  6-7 

2244  io^ 


^e?zs 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN 


13 


886     molt   :  males 
2347  seignor  :  saint 


§  36.  6-8 

2943  blanche     :    barhe,    also 

4001 
3021  avrat  :  altretant 


§  37.  6-9 


122     premerains    :  parlet 
174     Geriers  :  Gerins 
196     mar  :  Marsilie 
1011  granz  :  granz 
1502  donat  :  diables 
2317  relicts  :  reflambes 


2587  tere  :  trestornent 

2795  poign  :  perdiet 

2983  rfoei  :  damage 

3426  rfoi^s  :  desaffret 

3714  esforciet  :  eschange 


§  38.  6-10 


341     baston  :  brief 
727     morst  :  mals 
1201  deseivret  :  c^os 
1284  derompit    :  dobles 
1530  baiset  :  5oc/ie 
2193  poe^  :  pZori 
2250  blanches  :  beles 


2580  corent  :  crote 

2966  marbre   :  ?/ws 

3031  Charles  :  chiere 

3332  porprises   :  parz 

3687  veident  :  t'owi 

3722  plorent   :  plaignent 


2010  mor^  :  moZ^ 


1026  Rodlanz  :  respont 

1329  77i(ii7e  :  menude 

1683  poe^  :  preisier 

2512  Zttwe   :  luisant 


§  39.  7-8 

2361  foeZ^ 


veirement 


§  40.  7-9 

2734  {ra^  :  itowt 

2746  vienge  :  vedeir 

2858  avant  :  aler 

3792  pie2   :  presentet 


1602  /er  :  /2is^ 
2720  Rodlanz  :  riches 
2936  voldreie  :  m'i;re 


41.  7-10 

3941  afublent  :  altres 
-      3993  i>eu  :  (Zire 


14  ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 

§  42.  8-9 

303     rit  :  Rodlanz  1570  mil  :  mangons 

944    porz  :  passant,  2124  veit  :  venir 

1766  porz  :  passanz,  3141  sont  :  saffret 

2772  porz  :  passer  3746  saint  :  Silvestre 

1338  champ  :  chevalchet 

§  43.  8-10 

159     tendre  :  tref  2844  /ment  :  Fra?ic 

1879  forz  :  /lers  3530  morz  :  mi^ie 

2334  &ar6e    :    blanche,   also:     3784  misow  :  rendre 
3618,  3712 

§  44.  9-10 
1190  mals  :  moz  1410  tel  :  treii^e 

B.     Alliterations  consisting  of  three  alliterating  words 

89       mules  :  amener  :  Marsilies  (4:  7:  9) 

657     puis  :  port  :  passage  (2:  6:  9) 

782     reis  :  Rodlanz  :  receiit  (2 :  5 :  8) 

908     Marsilies  :  molt  :  mercidet  (3:  5:  8) 

953     venez  :  vedrez  :  veirement  (1:  6:  8) 

1339  tient  :  trenchet  :  toiZiei  (1:  7:10) 
1579  dient  :  Deus  :  doel  (1:  5:  7) 
1604  Franceis  :  Frans  :  fus  (3:  5:10) 
1825  bfe^i  :  batierent  :  bostons  (1:  3:  9) 
1898  c^is^  :  Damnesdeus  :  doinst  (1:  5:10) 
2125  fait  :  forz  :  fiers  (3:  4:  6) 
2169  arcevesque  :  alat  :  aidier  (2:  7:  9) 
2690  passent  :  portes  :  po7i2  (1:  4:10) 
2873  pitet  :  poet  :  plort  (1:  6:10) 
2955  ase;2;  :  at  :  abez  (1:  4:  9) 
3608  Charles  :  chancelet  :  chaduz  (1:  3:  9) 
3809  clamez  :  quite  :  coTi^e  (2:  4:  6) 
3833  /e?  :  /e^ome  :  fist  (4:  6:10) 
3898  Dews  :  dous  :  dreit  (1:  8:10) 
3998  chrestien  :  reclaiment  :  crident  (2:  7:10) 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN 


15 


C.  Alliterations  consisting  of  four  alliterating  words 

825     piUt  :  prent  :  j)oet  :  plort  (1:4:6:10) 

3606  prent  :  pleine  :  palme  :  plus  (1:6:8:10) 

D.  More  than  one  alliteration  in  a  verse  line 

§  1.  model  a  :  a  :  b  :  b 

1053  respont  :  Rodlanz  :  fereie  :  fols  (1:3:6:10) 

1111  fait  :  fiers  :  leons  :  leuparz  (3:4:6:  9) 

1608  dist  :  Deus  :  tot  :  tramette  (1:5:6:  9) 


§  2.  model  a  :  b  :  b  :  a 

123  dist  :  salvez  :  seiez  :  Deu 

also:  428,  676 

143  dist  :  messages  :  molt  :  dit 

199  Pris  :  Valterne  :  tere  :  Pine 

1506  cors  :  trenchet  :  tres  :  costet 

1694  ta7iz  :  vassals  :  vedez  :  tere 

2597  altre  :  mot  :  molt  :  haltement 

3906  dist  :  Pinabels  :  placet  :  Damnedeu 


(2:5:7:10) 
(1:3:8:10) 


:10) 

:  7) 


(1:4:7 
(2:4:5: 
(1:3:5:10) 
(2:4:5:  6) 
(1:2:6:  8) 


§  3.  model  a  :  b  :  a  :  b 

537  paiens  :  molt  :  puis  :  merveillier  (3:5:7:  8) 

841  magnes  :  poet  :  inuder  :  plort  (4:6:7:10) 

1047  dient  :  Franceis  :  dehet  :  fuit  (1:3:5:10) 

1091  mielz  :  voeill  :  morir  :  vaignet  (1:2:3:10) 

1449  Marsilies  :  vient  :  mi  :  valede  (1:4:6:  9) 

1454  sept  :  milie  :  sonent  :  menede  (1:2:6:  9) 

2016  priet  :  Deu  :  paredis  :  donget  (2:4:6:10) 

2241  priet  :  Deu  :  paredis  :  doinst  (2:4:6:10) 

2271  halt  :  sont  :  halt  :  sont  (1:2:7:  8) 

2641  laissent  :  Marbrise  :  laissent  :  Marbrose       (1:3:7:  9) 

3217  eschieles  :  trente  :  establissent  :  tost  (1:4:5:10) 

3720  pert  :  chiet  :  piez  :  Charlemagyie  (1:5:7:  8) 

3846  dist  :  pleges  :  demant  :  plait  (1:5:7:10) 


16 


ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


II.     Alliterations  extending  over  two  verse  lines^ 

A.     Alliterations  consisting  of  three  alliterating  words 

§  1.     Two  alliterating  words  in  the  first,  one  in  the  second 

verse  line 


31-2       mil  :  mudiers  :  muls 

57-8       trenchier  :  testes  :  testes 

66-7      Machiner  :  Maheu  :  Malbien 

125-6     mandet  :  Marsilies  :  molt 

209-10  prist  :  puis  :  enprise 

222-3     mandet  :  Marsilion  :  mains 

227-8     7nort  :  moerjuns  :  mont 

264-5     Reins  :  renc  :  rei 

285-6     tant  :  tuit  :  toz 

400-1     tot  :  talent  :  teres 

409-10  tote  :  tint  :  tot 

416-7     sals  :  seiez  :  saintes 

480-1     7nul  :  mule  :  yyialvais 

496-7     dist  :  dii  :  dreiz 

527-8     riches  :  rezs  :  recredanz 

also:  542-3,  f--  ■« 
555-6     same 

762-3     parlat . :  padrastre  :  pzi^e 
809-10  desrenget  :  destreiz  :  descendrat 
942-3     so'?ii  :  sosduiant  :  seignor 
969-70  Franceis  :  France  :  floride 
983-4     dient  :  diahles  :  c^isi 
1002-3  A(^  :  /2ii  :  reflambeit 
1008-9  respont  :  Rodlanz  :  rei 
1012-3  perdre  :  peil  :  empleit 
1047-8  Franceis  :  fuit  :  faldrat 
1057-8  paien  :  porz  :  plevls 
1140-1  sont  :  asols  :  seigniez 
1159-60  cors  :  cler  :  compaing 
1209-10  proz  :  porz  :  perdrat 


6:  9:  8) 
7:10:  8) 
2:  9:  6) 
6:  4) 
6:10) 
7:  8) 
9:10) 
4:10:  4) 
1:  5:  5) 
6:  9:  6) 
6:10:  1) 
5:  6:  6) 
2:  4:  7) 
2:  8:  7) 
2:  4:  5) 


2:  4:  8) 

5:  9:  9) 

6:  2) 

8:  5) 

6:  9) 

6:  2) 

2:  7:  9) 
1:  3:10) 
4:10:10) 

3:10:  8) 

3:10:  3) 

2:  4:  9) 

1:  7:  3) 

4:10:  3) 


It  goes  without  saying  that  both  lines  belong  to  the  same  laisse. 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN  17 

1255-6  Franceis  :  fow  :  ferons  (3:  9:  5) 

1285-6  7net  :  more  :  7nist  (8:10:  9) 

1308-9  douze  :  (lis  :  cJotts  (2:  6:  4) 

1315-6  costet  :  conduist  :  cors  (3:   6:  6) 

1325-6  cheval  :  Chernuble  :  charboncle  (2:  9:  7) 

1371-2  tote  :  ^esie  :  trenchet  (1:  4:  1) 

1417-8  moerent  :  milliers  :  7?iori  (1:  6:  6) 

1439-40  «iO?'i  :  milliers  :  milliers  (4:  6:  3) 

1472-3  males  :  w^o^i  :  Marie  (4:  6:  9) 

1483-4  molt  :  medisme  :  moZt  (1:  9:  8) 

1539-40  mei  :  7nore  :  mist  (8:10:  9) 

1543-4  paien  :  presse  :  prodome  (3:  7:  9) 

1560-1  Charles  :  chiers  :  chevalier  (7:10:  8) 

1614-5  Capu'el  :  Capadoce  :  claimet  (2:  8:  7) 

1618-9  ferir  :  /orce  :  fraint  (3:10:  6) 

1643-4  voelt  :  valt  :  ve^-tuosement  (4:  8:  6) 

1698-9  f^^edre  :  faire  :  comfaiteynent  (4:10:  2) 

1703-4  2^c)rz   :  passanz   :  plevis  (8:  9:  3) 

1725-6  mielz  :  mesure  :  «?ori  (1:  3:  4) 

1730-1  7nort  :  Marsilies  :  mar  (4:  9:  7) 

1800-1  6/^aws  :  blots  :  baron  (5:10:  7) 

1873-4  voeillet  :  vcngier  :  vait  (7:  9:  6) 

1883-4  respont  :  Rodlariz  :  reco^nenciet  (1:  3:  7) 

1992-3  pres  :  poet  :  poissct  (4:  6:  5) 

2011-2  teste  :  tornent  :  tote  (7:10:10) 

2070-1  presse  :  paiens   :  piet  (4:  9:10) 

2099-2100  quens  :  combat  :  cors  (2:  9:  3) 

2173-4  plaies  :  pans  :  piz  (4:  6:  4) 

2227-8  petit  :  pas  :  7)oet  (2:  4:  7) 

2288-9  fiert  :  M   :  froisset  (2:  8:  1) 

2298-9  piez  :  29tfei   :  perdude  (4:  7:  9) 

2310-1  iens  :  tenude  :  tel  (8:9:  4) 

2373-4  destre  :  Deu  :  descendent  (2 :  8 :  6) 

2400-1  plein  :  piet  :  paieTi  (9:10:  9) 

24:19-20  pitiet  :  plort  :  plorent  (3:10:  1) 

2422-3  pas7nent  :  pliisor  :  proz  (6:  9:10) 

2426-7  podez  :  poldros  :  paienor  (3:  9:  8) 


18 


ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


2447-8  veit  :  vespre  :  verte 
2505-6  more  :  mercit  :  manovrer 
2517-8  poet  :  2^lort  :  priet 
2555-6  altre  :  avison  :  Ais 
2576-7  moillier  :  Bramimonde  :  molt 
2600-1  fait  :  felonie  :  faillirent 
2686-7  Baliganz  :  baron  :  baston 
2695-6  demeinent  :  dolor  :  c^ews 
2707-8  message  :  mantels  :  7nontet 
2744-5  ^/z  :  ^^^e  :  /wi 
2770-1  Mai'silies  :  mandct  :  morf 
2780-1  Durendal  :  donat  :  destre 
2787-8  Qwiie  :  claime  :  comencet 
2863-4  raison  :  Rodlant  :  regnet 
2868-9  plus  :  poet  :  2>'wf 
2878-9  piet  :  plein  :  prist 
2905-6  parenz  :  prot  :  pleines 
3038-9  sont  :  sont  :  sont 
3068-9  eschiele   :  establide  :  est 
3087-8  barbes  :  blanches  :  bronies 
3152-3  tient  :  Maltet   :  tinels 
3167-8  piez  :  poet  :  paien 
3184-5  bels  :  Baliganz  :  bons 
3226-7  Sorbres   :  Sorz   :  siste 
3237-8  eschieles  :  establissent  :  est 
3298-9  paien  :  Preciose  :  perte 
3370-1  conduit  :  cors  :  cols 
3411-2  filz  :  fredres  :  furent 
3532-3  vassals  :  vestit  :  vit 
3557-8  dites  :  Deu  :  demandereiz 
3596-7  pais  :  paien  :  apresentet 
3617-8  trenchet  :  teste  :  tot 
3710-1  per  :  prendre  :  pesance 
3713-4  mort  :  demandes  :  molt 
3740-1  altre  :  ait  :  atent 
3896-7  Tiedris  :  tendrai  :  toz 
3963-4  moerget  :  merveillos  :  amener 


[2:  6:  4) 
;6:  7:  8) 
[2:  6:  2) 
;7:  8:  6) 
;6:10:  5) 
[1:  8:  9) 
[2:  9:  9) 
;5:  9:  4) 
:3:  7:  3) 
:5:  7:  6) 
:3:  9:  8) 
[2:  6:  2) 
4:  5) 
7:  9) 
4:  8) 
9:  7) 
;3:10:  5) 
'A:  7:  4) 
:3:  8:  4) 
:7:10:  7) 
1:10:  9) 
:4:  6:  1) 
;i:  8:  6) 
;6:10:  3) 
1:  5:  4) 
5:10) 
4:  6) 
6:  5) 
8:  9) 
6:  7) 
8:  9) 
4:  2) 
:8:10:  9) 
7:10:  5) 
:6:10:  7) 
:3:  7:  1) 
:4:  6:  7) 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN  19 


§  2.    One  alliterating  word  in  the  first,  two  in  the  second  verse 

line 

32-3       chargiez  :  charre  :  chareier 

106-7     Gefreiz  :  Gerins  :  Geriers 

163-4     matin  :  messe  :  matines 

242-3     deit  :  dient  :  dus 

252-3     seignor  :  Sarrazin  :  Sarragoce 

333-4     dut  :  dient  :  Detts 

349-50  tant  :  tuit  :  tant 

361-2     part  :  Pinabel  :  per 

410-1     7nilie  :  mot  :  mot 

418-9     message  :  mains  :  mont 

437-8     morrez  :  Marsilies   :  molt 

439-40  /Mi  :  /enV  :  fust 

508-9     dtsi  :  destre  :  deiz 

576-7     corteis  :  conie  :  crefi 

584-5     riedreguardc  :  Rodlanz  :  riches 

589-90  bataille  :  bleciede  :  blesmide 

620-1     meillor  :  mil  :  mangons 

632-3     bien  :  baisierent  :  boches 

665-6     aiteni  :  treiit  :  tere 

669-70  matin  :  messe  :  matines 

742-3     riedreguarde  :  respont  :  Rodlanz 

780-1     tendut  :  trovez  :  ires 

787-8     c?2i  :  Dei^  :  desment 

807-8     /aire  :  Franceis  :  France 

821-2     pulceles  :  pitet  :  plort 

822-3     ai  :  altres  :  angoissos 

847-8     mttZs   :  Marsilies  :  mandet 

853-4     2^^Ms  :  paien  :  /jni 

973-4     podrom  :  paiens  :  parfondement 

1035-6  mesure  :  medismes  :  7?ioZi 

1072-3  retorneront  :  respont  :  Rodlanz 

1090-1  17(1^0?'  :  t'oetVZ  :  vaignet 

1136-7  descendent  :  Deit  :  benedist 

1190-1  Franceis  :  felon  :  Franceis 

1195-6  destre  :  Deus  :  doel 


(9: 

;  4:  8) 

(1: 

:  6:  9) 

(7: 

1:  3) 

(6: 

1:10) 

(1: 

2:  6) 

(3: 

1:  5) 

(5: 

2:  5) 

(4: 

2:10) 

(6: 

6:  9) 

(3: 

4:10) 

(2: 

3:  7) 

(7: 

1:  7) 

(2: 

8:10) 

(9: 

4:10) 

(2: 

7:10) 

(3: 

6:  9) 

(5: 

8:  9) 

(1: 

3:  6) 

(6: 

3:10) 

(7: 

1:  3) 

(8: 

3:  5) 

(9: 

3:  6) 

(2: 

1:  9) 

(10: 

3:  6) 

(3: 

7:10) 

(4: 

4:  8) 

(1: 

1:  4) 

(7: 

3:  6) 

(3: 

3:  5) 

(6: 

3:  7) 

(6: 

7:  9) 

(8: 

2:10) 

(3: 

6:10) 

(3: 

1:  3) 

(6: 

5:  8) 

20  ALLITERATION  IN   THE  ROLAND 


1210-1  France  :  ferez  :  Franc 

1246-7  ferir  :  frainst   :  desconfist 

1266-7  cors   :  contreval   :  quat 

1275-6  ferir  :  frainst  :  flors 

1306-7  mist  :  mort   :  mil 

1517-8  malvaisemeyit  :  mielz  :  nioerjom 

1522-3  sainz  :  serez  :  sedant 

1596-7  soleil  :  siet  :  Saltperdut 

1625-6  vait   :  Valerie   :  Viviers 

1631-2  doel   :  dist  :  Deus 

1816-7  conte  :  comandat  :  cous 

1924-5  fel  :  ferez  :  forbides 

1940-1  out  :  ont  :  orgoeil 

1979-80  descolorez  :  clers  :  cors 

1983-4  compaign  :  cors  :  contrevaillet 

2030-1  7norz  :  mot  :  marchis 

2042-3  vencuz  :  voeillet  :  vals 

2063-4  recredanz  :  recomencent  :  crit 

2085-6  resailit  :  Rodlant  :  reguardet 

2087-8  vencuz  :  vassals  :  vis 

2147-8  pesmes  :  perdut  :  pers 

2445-6  trovez  :  tienent  :  tuit 

2613-4  bries  :  Babilonie  :  Baligant 

2616-7  sorvesquiet  :  Sarragoce  :  socorre 

2774-5  riedreguarder  :  Rodlanz  :  remes 

2778-9  reis  :  Rodlanz  :  remes 

2829-30  pernez  :  poign  :  pris 

2839-40  doel  :  degrez  :  descent 

2934-5  mise  :  mort  :  7nolt 

2945-6  dist  :  dolor  :  demenez 

2970-1  comandet  :  Milon  :  marchis 

3115-6  cors  :  cler  :  contenant 

3155-6  montez   :  Marcides   :  mer 

3206-7  podez  ;  pan   :  pais 

3208-9  Val-Marchis  :  Malprimes  :  mercit 

3218-9  merveillos  :  menor  :  milie 

3239-40  travers  :  Turs  :  tierce 


(5: 

1:  4) 

(9: 

4:10) 

(7: 

5:10) 

(6: 

4:10) 

(10: 

2:  7) 

(5: 

4:  6) 

(1: 

7:  9) 

(3: 

1:  8) 

(2: 

3:  6) 

(3: 

1:  5) 

(6: 

2:  6) 

(4: 

1:  9) 

(9: 

4:  6) 

(6: 

4:  8) 

(3: 

7:  8) 

(4: 

4:  9) 

(9: 

1:  8) 

(3: 

3:10) 

(7: 

1:  3) 

(9: 

3:  7) 

(2: 

1:10) 

(9: 

1:  5) 

(7: 

2:  5) 

(2: 

2:  6) 

(7: 

3:  9) 

(2: 

3:  9) 

(1: 

2:  6) 

(2: 

3:  9) 

(10: 

4:  5) 

(6: 

3:   6) 

(4: 

1:  9) 

(4: 

1:  8) 

(9: 

5:10) 

(7: 

6:  9) 

(9: 

3:  9) 

(6; 

:  3:  6) 

(9: 

:  4:  7) 

AND  IN  THE  CARMEN  21 

3243-4  siste  :  sedme  :  Samuel  (3:  3:  8) 

3466-7  derompiet  :  dous  :  deseivret  (6:  2:  6) 

S47d-S0  damage  :  doel  :  departet  (9:  1:  9) 

3537-8  paiens  :  placet  :  poi^tez  (3:  4:  7) 

3558-9  Franc  :  fel  :  fierget  (4:  4:  6) 

3603-4  fieri  :  frait  :  /ewcZztf  (1:  7:  9) 

3621-2  7720^  :  montez  :  magnes  (4:  5:10) 

3646-7  doel  :  diables  :  donet  (4:  7:10) 

3772-3  mort  :  messages  :  Marsilion  (6:  1:  7) 

3824-5  sire  :  savez  :  servit  (2:2:9) 

3845-6  destre  :  dist  :  demant  (6:  1:  7) 

3908-9  tnortel  :  mielz   :  rnorir  (9:  1:  3) 

3916-7  /ler^  :  fous  :  fait  (2:  4:  8) 

3926-7  /tert  :  frait  :  /ew(Zti^  (1:7:9) 

3932-3  penduz  :  parenz  :  plaidiet  (9:  3:  6) 

B.     Alliterations  consisting  of  more  than  three  alliterating 
words 

§  1.     Two  alliterating  words  in  the  first,  two  in  the  second 

verse  line 

49-50     Franceis   :  desfaire   :  Franc   :  France  (3:10:   1:  6) 

889-90  poignant  :  Malprimes  :  plus  :  piet  (3:  6:  1:  4) 

1272-3  empeint  :  passet  :  pleine  :  place  (2:10:  1:10) 

1505-6  colj)  :  quit  :  cors  :  costet  (4:  6:  2:  7) 

2016-7  Deu  :  donget  :  benedist  :  dolce  (4:10:  4:10) 

2363-4  quens  :  conquerant  :  claimet  :  colpe  (4:  8:  1:  4) 

3172-3  bien  :  baron  :  blanche  :  barbe  (5:  9:  1:  4) 

3481-2  fierent  :  Franceis  :  froissent  :  f orbit  (4:  5:  1:  9) 

3615-6  fiert  -.France  :  fraint  :  reflambent  (1:10:  4:10) 

§  2.     One  alliterating  word  in  the  first,  three  in  the  second 

verse  line 

3122-3  at  :  amor  :  altretel  :  altre  (6:  3:  5:10) 

3860-1  messes  :  molt  :  metent  :  mostiers  (4:  1:  5:  9) 

3890-1  dementent  :  Deus  :  dist  :  dreit  (3:  2:  3:  6) 


22  ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


§  3.    Three  alliterating  words  in  the  first,  one  in  the  second 

verse  line 

181-2     Marsilies  :  tramis  :  messages  :  masse      (3:  7:  9:10) 

540-1     tantes  :  teres  :  travailliet  :  tanz  (2:  4:  8:   1) 

1030-1  Sarrazins  :  sont  :  asemhlet  :  sont  (2:  7:  9:  8) 

1438-9  Franceis  -.France  :  ferut  :  fols  (1:  4:  6:10) 

1843-4  bronie  :  barbe  :  blanche  :  baron  (4:  8:10:  7) 

1891-2  brocket  :  bien  :  Bevon  :  Belne  (1:  4:  9:  6) 

3125-6  passent  :  puis  :  plus  :  parfondes  (1:  4:  9:  3) 

§  4.    Two  alliterating  words  in  the  first,  three  in  the  second 

verse  line 

3846-7  pleges  :  plait  :  parenz  :  plevist  :  Finabels 

(5:10:3:6:8) 

§  5.    Two  alliterations,  the  one  of  three,  the  other  of  two  al- 
literating words 

3980-1  creidre  :  Deu  :  chrestientet  :  demandet  :  Deus 

(1:4:5:9:7) 

III.     Alliterations  extending  over  three  verse  lines 

A.     Alliterations  extending  over  four  alliterating  words 

§  1.  (model:  a/a  :  a/a) 

91-3       mises  :  montet  :  message  :  mains  (10:3:  7:  4) 

700-2     font  :  Franc  :  font  :  France  (5:  1:  5:  4) 

1304-6  fieri  :  frainst  :  desconfist  :  fort  (6:  4:10:  2) 

1353-5  ferir  :  frainst  :  flor  :  fors  (3:  4:10:  1) 

1399-1401  tante  :  tant  :  tante  :  tant  (5:  1:  8:  1) 

1408-10  per dit  :  plait  :  pendre  :  parenz  (3:  2:10:  3) 

1420-2  perdent  :  pers  :  parenz  :  porz  (4:  6:  9:  7) 

1715-7  dist  :  dis  :  deignastes  :  damage  (1:  4:  9:  9) 

2306-8  tantes  :  tantes  :  teres  :  tient  (1:  2:  4:  4) 

2308-10  ai  :  ait  :  altre  :  at  (8:  3:  7:  6) 

2332-4  teneit  :  teres  :  tantes  :  tient  (7:  8:10:  4) 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN  23 


2381-2  ynuder  :  medisme  :  metre  :  mercit  (3 :  3 :  7 :  9) 

2593-5  porter  :  phtsors  :  peintes  :  ploret  (3:1:6:6) 

2640-2  mer  :  Marbrise  :  Marbrose  :  amont  (4:  3:  9:  4) 

2994-6  Marsone  :  7nort  :  Malpalin  :  molt  (9:  4:  5:  5) 

3011-3  repentent  :  Rodlant  :  rendre  :  respont  (9:  3:10:  1) 

3393-5  afichiede  :  fut  :  fort  :  fins  (9:6:8:  7) 

3400-2  jmien  :  pleniers  :  perdent  :  plus  (1:  3:10:  1) 

3691-3  sages  :  sarcous  :  seignors  :  safni      (7:3:9:2) 

3724-6  pasmede  :  piifei  :  ploret  :  2^^en^  (9:  1:  6:  1) 

3905-7  parlet  :  Pinabels  :  placet  :  parentet  (9:  2:  6:  8) 

B.     Alliterations  consisting  of  more  than  four  alliterating 
words 

§  1.  model :  a  :a  /  a  :a  /  a 

553-5     tantes  :  teres  :  tanz  :  trenchanz  :  tanz 

(2:4:1:9:1) 

§  2.  model :  a  /  a  :  a  /  a  :  a 

1022-4  flambeios  :  feront  :  Franceis  :  /eZ  :  faite 

(8:3:6:4:6) 

§  3.  model  :a  :a/a  :a  :a/a 

2229-31  at  :  at  :  ainz  :  aZcist  :  arpent  :  avant 

(2:6:1:3:7:9) 

IV.     Alliterations  extending  over  more  than  three  verse 
lines 

794-8     vint  /  vint  :  vint  /  vint  /  vint  :  vieilz  /  venuz 

(1:2:7:1:1:10:1) 
1491-4  colpez  /  corte  :  quisse  :  crope  /  costez  /  code  :  crignete 

(3:1:4:7:3:4:7) 

1636-40  vaillanz  /  vertuos  :  vassals  /  veie  /  vit  :  veirement  / 

visage  (9:2:6:4:4:8:3) 

Let  us  now  determine  the  characteristic  traits  of  Teutonic 
alliteration.    Lachmann^  defined  it  as  follows :  "Alliteration — 

1.     Ersch  und  Gruber,  I,  166. 


24  ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 

nennt  man  die  in  der  nordischen  Dichtkunst  gebrauchliche 
Art  von  Assonanz,  die  durch  gleiche  Anfangsbuchstaben  der 
Worter  hervorgebracht  wird.  Alle  Selbstlauter  reimen  auf- 
einander  ohne  Unterschied ;  hingegen  manche  besonders 
horbare  Verbindungen  von  Mitlautern,  wie  st,  sp,  erfordern 
genaue  Wiederholung,  so  dass  z.  B.  ein  einfaches  s  nicht  als 
Reim  darauf  gelten  wiirde.  Es  ist  natUrlich,  dass  die  Buch- 
stabenreime,  wo  moglich,  auf  die  bedeutenderen  Worter  fallen 
miissen:  sie  konnen  selbst  in  der  Mitte  der  Worter  sein  nach 
weniger  betonten  Vorsilben.  Auf  den  Versbau  hat  die  Alli- 
teration den  bedeutendsten  Einfluss.  Ein  strenges  Silbenzah- 
len  kennt  zwar  die  nordische  Poesie  nicht,  aber  jede  Halbzeile 
erfordert  zwei  Hebungen,  welche  eben  durch  die  Reimbuch- 
staben  bezeichnet  werden.  Auf  dem  ersten  ruht  die  erste 
Hebung;  darauf  reimen  gewohnlich  zwei  andere,  einer,  der 
auch  fehlen  kann,  in  der  zweiten  Hebung  des  ersten  Halb- 
verses,  der  andere,  notwendige,  auf  einer  der  beiden  Hebun- 
gen des  zweiten.  Nur  die  Hebungen,  aber  nicht  die  Silben 
vor  Oder  zwischen  ihnen  werden  genau  gezahlt;  oft  konnen 
die  letzteren  sogar  fehlen." 

H.  Jordan^  characterized  Germanic  alliteration  in  this  way : 

1.  Only  the  same  consonants,  but  all  vowels  alliterate  with 
each  other. 

2.  Alliteration  coincides  with  the  arsis. 

3.  It  must  recur  in  both  hemistichs. 

4.  It  must  recur  in  all  verse-  lines. 

To  this  should  be  added  that  the  groups  sk,  sp,  st  are  treated 
as  one  consonant,  at  least  until  the  later  Anglo-Saxon  period. 

Latin  alliteration,  on  the  other  hand,  is  characterized  by 
H.  Jordan  in  the  following  words-:  "In  der  romischen 
Kunstpoesie  besteht  die  Alliteration  in  der  unmittelbaren 
Aufeinanderfolge  consonantisch  gleich  anlautender  Worter: 
die  vokalischen  Gleichklange  treten  dagegen  ganz  in  den  Hin- 
tergrund,  desgleichen  die  Alliteration  nicht  unmittelbar  sich 
folgender  Worter. — Ist  im  Trimeter  des  Plautus  von  einer  an- 

1.  Kritische  Beitr.,  p.  170. 

2.  Ibid.  p.  171. 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN  25 

deren  Art  der  Alliteration  als  der  bald  hier,  bald  da  auftau- 
chenden  Aufeinanderfolge  gieich  anlautender  Worter  keine 
Rede,  so  sucht  man  auch  in  der  hexametrischen  Dichtung  ver- 
gebens  nach  einer  nur  einigermassen  haufigen  Verteilung  alli- 
terierender  Worter  auf  beide  Vershalften,  geschweige  dass  hier 
Oder  dort  jeder  Vers  alliterierte  oder  irgend  ein  Zusammen- 
hang  mit  der  Hebung  hervertrate.  Es  muss  also  geradezu 
geleugnet  werden,  dass  die  Dichter  dieser  Periode  fUr  die  Al- 
literation als  versbildendes  Element  auch  nur  dass  geringste 
Gefiihl  gehabt  haben:  sie  wenden  sie  an,  wie  es  in  der  unge- 
bundenen  Rede  geschah,  wenn  man  bedeutsam,  spruchartig, 
feierlich,  eindringlich  redete  und  um  so  haufiger,  als  diese 
Elemente  in  der  gebundenen  Rede  vorwalten,  aber  doch  im- 
mer  in  verhaltnismassig  geringem  Umfange,  da  hochstens 
ein  Siebentel  aller  Verse  mit  Alliterationen  bedacht  ist." 

J.  Maehly^  formulates  the  difference  betv/een  Teutonic  and 
Latin  use  of  alliteration  in  a  similar  way:  "Hier  muss  gieich 
zu  Anfang  als  Unterschied  von  der  deutschen  Alliteration  der 
Umstand  betont  werden,  dass  diejenige  der  classischen  Volker 
sich  nicht  auf  die  Sphare  der  Consonanten  beschrankt,  son- 
dern  auch  die  Vocale  in  ihren  Bereich  zieht.  Ueberhaupt  ist 
sie  hier  an  kein  strengeres,  kunstmassigeres  Gesetz  gebunden, 
wie  in  jener  altsachsischen,  angelsachsischen  und  nordischen 
Poesie.  Wenn  hier  in  zwei  zusammengestellten  Verszeilen 
wenigstens  zwei,  meistens  drei  betonte  Silben  mit  gleichem 
Anlaut  beginnen  miissen,  so  kommt  bei  romischen  und  grie- 
chischen  Dichtern  die  Zahl  der  alliterierenden  Silben  eben- 
sowenig  in  Betracht,  als  Arsis  oder  Thesis,  Quantitat  oder 
Accent,  sondern  die  Anwendung  oder  Nichtanwendung  der 
Alliteration  in  beliebiger  Ausdehnung  ist  so  willkiirlich  als 
moglich  und  dem  Takt  des  Schriftstellers  vollig  anheimgege- 
ben." 

Such  is  also  Wolfflin's  opinion  on  the  subject- :  "Die  Poesie 
der  Romer  dagegen,  welche  in  dem  Quantitatenprinzipe  ein 
Geniige  fand,  hat  zur  weiteren  Erhohung  der  Schonheit  die 

1.  Ueber  Alliteration,  p.  209. 

2.  Ueber  die  alliterierenden  Verbindungen,  pp.  21-2. 


26  ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 

Alliteration  nur  in  freierer  Weise  iiber  die  Verse  ausgegossen, 
ohne  sie  zum  notwendigen  Bindemittel  je  zweier  Verse  oder 
Vershalften  zu  erheben  und  im  Verlaufe  der  Jahrhunderte 
auch  diese  Beigabe  immer  mehr  eingebiisst." 

Jordan,  Maehly,  Wolfflin,  and  most  of  the  scholars  who 
have  collected  and  classified  examples  of  Latin  alliteration 
considered  only  the  poets  of  antiquity,  probably  because  no 
work  exists  to-day  which  deals  adequately  with  the  use  of  allit- 
eration in  Mediaeval  Latin  literature.  However,  a  superficial 
glance  at  the  examples  given  by  Fuchs^  will  suffice  to  convince 
us  that  alliteration,  far  from  going  out  of  fashion,  became 
more  and  more  prominent  after  the  fall  of  the  Roman  empire. 
At  the  same  time  it  underwent  certain  modifications,  so  that 
the  statements  of  the  above  mentioned  authors  concerning  the 
use  of  alliteration  by  the  classics  no  longer  hold  true  for  Me- 
diaeval Latin  authors.  Kawczynski-  quotes  a  passage  from 
the  Etymologies  of  Isidore  of  Seville  to  this  effect:  "Paro- 
moeon  est  multitudo  verborum  ex  una  littera  inchoantium 
quale  est  apud  Ennium:  o  Tite  tute  Tati  tibi  tanta  tyranne 
tulisti,  sed  hoc  bene  temperat  Virgilius  dum  non  toto  versu 
utitur  hac  figura  ut  Ennius,  sed  nunc  in  principio  versus  tan- 
tum,  nunc  in  medio,  ut :  Quaeque  lacus  late  /  liquidos  qiuaeque 
aspera  clumis  nunc  autem  in  fine,  ut:  Sola  mihi  tales  casus  / 
Cassandra  canebat." 

As  early  as  1882  Wilhelm  Meyer^  wrote :  "Alliteration  und 
Assonanz  finden  sich  als  rhetorisches  Kunstmittel  in  alien 
Sprachen  bisweilen  angewendet,  allein  erst  die  regelmassige 
Wiederholung  macht  dieselben  zu  gesetzmassigen  Bestand- 
teilen  der  poetischen  Technik.  Alliteration  findet  sich  in  sehr 
alter  Zeit  zuerst  bei  Virgilius  Maro." 

Let  us  then  examine  the  alliterations  found  in  the  Roland 
and  try  to  determine  their  origin,  according  to  the  criteria  giv- 
en above.  As  was  stated  on  p.  2,  we  have  no  means  of  ascer- 
taining whether  or  not  two  words  beginning  with  different 

1.  Die  romanischen  Sprachen,  pp.  287-95. 

2.  Essai  comparatif,  p.  104. 

3.  Gesammelte  Abhandlungen,  I,  190. 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN  27 


vowels  can  be  considered  as  alliterating,  or  whether  their  oc- 
currence is  due  to  mere  chance.  The  first  criterium  of  H. 
Jordan  is  then  of  no  avail  for  our  research. 

As  the  second  point,  we  shall  mention  the  one  not  given  by 
Jordan,  but  contained  as  an  essential  in  Lachmann's  definition. 
It  concerns  the  treatment  of  s  followed  by  a  consonant.  It  is 
obvious  that  if  there  are  fewer  instances  of  sp  and  st  alliterat- 
ing with  s+vowel  than  there  are  of  sp  and  st  alliterating  with 
themselves,  we  must  say  that  there  exists  a  characteristic 
common  to  the  alliterations  of  the  Roland  and  those  of  Teuton- 
ic poetry.  The  opposite  result  would,  however,  not  exclude  al- 
together the  possibility  of  Teutonic  origin,  since  in  late  Anglo- 
Saxon  poetry  this  separation  of  the  three  sounds,  s  followed 
by  a  vowel,  sp,  and  st,  was  no  longer  observed.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  we  find  no  alliterations  with  s-|-consonant  in  the  Old 
French  poem,  a  situation  which  is  certainly  due  to  the  scarcity 
of  words  beginning  with  sp  or  st.  Thus  also  the  second  cri- 
terium fails. 

The  second  point  in  Jordan's  summary  expresses  the  close 
connection  which  exists  between  alliteration  and  the  rhythm 
of  Teutonic  verse,  which  is  based  on  the  number  of  arses. 
The  French  verse  being  the  representative  of  an  entirely  dif- 
ferent principle  of  versification,  that  of  counting  the  sylla- 
bles, it  is  clear  that  even  if  the  use  of  alliteration  were  taken 
over  from  the  Teutonic  literatures,  it  must  have  been  modified 
and  adapted  to  the  Romance  verse.  The  Old  French  ten- 
syllable  verse,  such  as  appears  in  the  Roland,  has  two  fixed, 
stressed  syllables,  the  fourth,  followed  either  by  the  caesura 
directly  or  by  an  unstressed  (feminine)  syllable,  which  does 
not  count,  and  the  tenth,  followed  by  the  end  of  the  verse  line 
or  by  a  feminine  syllable.  We  should,  therefore,  expect  these 
syllables,  the  fourth  and  the  tenth,  more  than  any  others,  to 
take  the  place  of  the  Teutonic  arses  which  carry  alliteration. 

Since  the  Germanic  long  verse  line  (Langzeile)  is  not  limited 
to  any  number  of  syllables,  it  is  conceivable  that  a  French 
poet  writing  in  ten-syllable  verses  should,  when  adopting  the 
use  of  alliteration,  either  consider  one  ten-syllable  line  as  his 


28  ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 

verse  unit,  making  it  take  the  place  of  the  Teutonic  verse  line 
and  the  caesura  after  the  fourth  counted  syllable  that  of  the 
Teutonic  caesura,  or  unite  two  ten-syllable  verses,  regarding 
the  verse  end  of  the  first  line  as  having  taken  the  place  of  the 
caesura  of  his  model.  Which  of  the  two  ways  the  poet  follows 
will  incidentally  depend  upon  the  length  and  structure  of  his 
Teutonic  model. 

Let  us  consider  the  former  of  the  two  possibilities.  In  short 
Teutonic  verse  two  alliterating  words,  one  in  each  hemistich, 
are  the  rule.  We  should  then  expect  alliteration  of  the  type 
4-10  to  be  most  frequent,  although  even  this  would  be  against 
the  norm  of  the  Teutonic  verse,  which  generally  requires  that 
the  second  alliterating  word  be  at  the  beginning  of  the  second 
hemistich,  not  at  the  end.  Our  expectation  is  far  from  being- 
realized  on  examining  the  facts:  the  types  which  are  repre- 
sented by  the  largest  figures  are  1-4  with  22  and  1-3  with  24 
examples,  whereas  the  tj^pe  4-10  stands  in  the  sixth  place. 
The  type  1-4  and  1-3  represent  entirely  un-Germanic  allitera- 
tions, the  two  alliterating  words  occurring  in  the  same  hemi- 
stich. 

If  the  supposed  verse  model  were  a  "long  line,"  that  is, 
a  line  containing  many  syllables,  he  would  have  found  alliter- 
ation of  three  alliterating  words  to  be  the  general  rule.  Ac- 
cording to  our  assumption  that  the  fixed  stressed  syllables  of 
the  Romance  verse  were  the  only  ones  which  could  have  taken 
the  place  of  the  Teutonic  arses,  the  three  alliterations  would 
have  to  be  of  the  type  4-10-4,  since  in  the  most  common  type 
of  this  kind  of  alliteration  the  third  alliterating  word  stands 
at  the  beginning  of  the  second  hemistich  of  the  Germanic 
verse  line.  In  the  Roland  we  find  only  one  example  of  this 
type  in  a  total  of  106  alliterations  consisting  of  three  alliterat- 
ing words,  the  first  two  of  which  are  found  in  the  first,  the 
third  in  the  second  ten-syllable  line.  Thus  conditions  2  and  3 
of  Jordan's  summary  remain  unfulfilled. 

As  for  the  fourth  point  of  Jordan,  we  shall  see  later  that 
only  18.3  per  cent  of  all  verses  of  the  Roland  contain  allit- 
eration.   We  come,  therefore,  to  the  conclusion  that  the  use  of 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN  29 


alliteration  in  the  Chanson  de  Roland  cannot  be  of  Teutonic 
origin. 

Here  a  special  reservation  must  be  made  for  the  six  pairs 
of  alliterating  personal  proper  names  which  occur  in  the  poem. 
They  are  the  following : 

Clarifan   :  Clariien  2670  Gerins :  Geriers  107,  174,  2404 

Estramariz  :  Eudropin  64  Machiner  :  Maheu  66 

Gefreit  :  Jozeran  3535  Yvorie  :  Ivon  1895 

Professor  Pio  Rajna%  in  1884,  called  attention  to  the  fact 
that  these  names  find  their  parallel  in  the  Germanic  epic,  as 
Hettel  and  Hilde,  Lindegast  and  Lindeger,  Sigemimt  and  Sige- 
lint,  etc.  Kristoffer  Nyrop-  held  the  same  opinion,  adding  that 
in  Old  Norse  legends  and  partly  also  in  real  life  the  names  of 
members  of  the  same  family,  or  of  such  persons  as  were  bound 
together  by  some  other  tie  were  derived  from  the  same  root, 
as,  for  instance,  Sigmund  and  Sigurd,  Si  gar  and  Signe,  Gun- 
nar  and  Gudrun,  etc.  Numerous  examples  are  given  by  Karl 
Weinhold,^  who  distinguishes  four  classes  of  alliterating 
proper  names : 

1.  Such  as  are  merely  alliterating:  Btiri   :  Bor;  Ask    : 

Embla;  Yngvi  :  lorund. 

2.  Such    as    are    besides    differentiated    through    ablaut: 

Bivur  :  Bavur;  Ani  :  Oni,  etc. 

3.  Such  as  have  the  whole  first  part  in  common:  Thord  : 

Thorgerd;  Vebiorn  :  Vestein,  etc. 

4.  Such    as   have    related    meanings    beside    alliteration: 

Kott  :  Kisi. 

The  occurrence  of  alliterating  proper  names  in  Latin  is  well 

1.  Origini,  p.  54;  cf.  on  the  same  subject,  Ludwig  Uhland,  Schriften 
zur  Geschichte  der  Dichtung  und  Sage,  Band  I,  Stuttgart,  1865,  p.  365. 

2.  Storia  delV  epopea  francese,  pp.  193-4. 

3.  Altnordisches  Leben,  pp.  264-9. 


30  ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 

known.  But  it  appears^  that  only  group  1  of  the  above  quoted 
classification  is  represented  there,  while  the  rest  seem  to  be 
characteristically  Teutonic. 

In  the  Roland  we  find  class  1  represented  by  two  examples 
only:  Estramariz  :  Eiidroipin  and  Gefreit  :  Jozeran;  whereas 
we  have  at  least  four  examples  for  class  3 :  Clarifan  :  Clariien, 
Gerins  :  Ge^iers,  Machiner  :  Maheu,  Yvorie  :  Ivon.  One,  the 
place-names  Marbrise  and  Marbrose,  belongs  to  both  classes 
2  and  3.  There  is  no  example  for  class  4  in  the  poem.  Thus 
seven  alliterations  out  of  ten  would  show  decidedly  Teutonic 
origin. 

Is  it  possible  to  determine  whether  these  alliterating  per- 
sonal proper  names  are  of  continental  Germanic,  Anglo-Saxon 
or  Old  Norse  origin?  Alliterating  proper  names  of  all  the 
three  types  which  we  find  in  the  Rolmid  occur  in  the  three 
Germanic  literatures  in  question,  as  can  be  seen  from  the  ex- 
amples quoted  by  Rajna  and  others.  Thus  it  is  impossible 
to  find  a  definite  answer  to  this  question.  Did  the  author  of 
the  Chanson  know  the  use  of  alliterating  proper  names  in  the 
actuality,  or  did  he  take  it  from  one  of  the  three  Teutonic  lit- 
eratures? Pio  Rajna  supposes  the  latter  of  the  two  possibili- 
ties, seeing  in  these  pairs  of  names  a  connecting  link  between 
the  Germanic  and  the  Old  French  epic.  However  there  is  no 
need  for  such  a  conclusion.  The  name  of  the  supposed  author 
of  the  Roland,  Turoldus,  goes  far  to  show  that  Christian 
names  had  not  altogether  succeeded  in  taking  the  place  of  the 
Scandinavian  ones,  in  Normandy.  If  such  were  the  case,  there 
is  no  reason  to  suppose  the  old  custom  of  preferring  alliter- 

1.  So  Kalbow,  Die  germanischen  Personennamen.  This  seems  to  be, 
however,  an  a  priori  assumption  of  his,  since  the  whole  problem  of  allit- 
erating proper  names  in  the  ancient  languages  has  not  yet  received  ade- 
quate treatment.  Whether  Kalbow's  statements  with  regard  to  this  are 
true  in  their  entirety  is  still  open  to  doubt.  The  names  of  Semiramis' 
sons,  Hypates  and  Hydaspes,  which  I  met  in  Diodorus  Siculus  (lib.  II, 
cap.  1)  and  those  of  Ohola  and  Oholiba  which  occur  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment (Ezekiel,  XXIII)  seem  to  belong  to  group  3  of  Weinhold  and  would 
be  an  example  of  the  occurrence  of  this  class  of  alliterations  in  Greek 
and  Hebrew. 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN  31 

ating  proper  names  to  have  been  abandoned  by  the  Norse  set- 
tlers. Moreover,  the  list  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  kings  of  Alfred's 
family  show  it  well  preserved,  in  spite  of  the  Christian  influ- 
ences, as  we  see  from  names  such  as  Ethelbert  :  Ethelred, 
Edgar  :  Edmund,  etc.  Thus  the  occurrence  of  these  names 
in  the  Old  French  poem  is  in  itself  no  proof  for  a  connection 
between  the  Teutonic  epic  and  the  chansons  de  geste. 

Returning  now  to  the  alliterations  of  other  than  proper 
names,  we  have  to  determine  whether  the  poet's  model  is  to  be 
sought  in  Classical  or  in  Mediaeval  Latin  literature.  To  facili- 
tate the  examination,  let  us  summarize  the  points  brought  out 
by  Jordan,  Maehly  and  Woelfflin  as  characteristic  of  the  use 
of  alliteration  by  the  Classical  poets : 

1.  In  the  large  majority  of  cases  only  successive  words 
alliterate. 

2.  The   cases  of  consonantic  alliteration   far  outnumber 
those  of  vocalic  alliteration. 

3.  The  alliterating  words  are  not  distributed  over  both 
hemistichs. 

4.  Not  every  verse  contains  alliteration,  at  highest  one- 
seventh. 

5.  Alliteration  and  arsis  seldom  coincide. 

6.  Alliteration  does  not  serve  to  link  two  verses. 

Some  of  these  points  need  a  more  detailed  discussion.  It  is 
doubtless  true  that  in  most  cases  only  consecutive  words  al- 
literate; still  there  are  some  examples  in  the  Aeneid  where  the 
alliterating  words  are  distributed  over  both  hemistichs,  and 
we  have  seen  above  that  this  fact  did  not  pass  unnoticed,  as 
when  Isidore  of  Seville  quotes  Virgil.  This  was  enough  to 
form  the  starting  point  of  a  new  school,  as  we  shall  see  later. 
Point  2  does  not  mean  much,  because,  if  the  individual  vowels 
alliterate  only  with  themselves,  as  is  the  case  in  Latin,  the 
number  of  vocalic  alliterations  must  needs  be  inferior  to  that 


32  ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


of  consonantic  alliterations;  consequently  no  conclusion  can 
be  drawn  from  the  small  number  of  vocalic  alliterations  in  the 
Roland.  As  for  the  proportion  of  the  verses  containing  allit- 
eration, it  appears  to  me  to  be  a  dangerous  principle  to  carry 
purely  mathematical  computations  into  this  argument. 
In  the  particular  case  of  the  Aeneid,  Kvicala^  came  to  an  en- 
tirely different  result  after  such  a  mathematical  procedure, 
as  he  found  72  per  cent  of  all  verses  of  the  poem  to  contain 
alliteration.  In  such  a  method  all  depends  upon  the  judgment 
of  the  computer  in  defining  the  conception  of  the  term  "in- 
tentional alliteration  as  a  poetic  device."  But  even  if  we  ac- 
cept the  proportion  given  by  Jordan  as  the  correct  one,  it 
would  certainly  not  lead  us  very  far  in  our  task.  Let  us  sup- 
pose we  know  the  exact  percentage  of  the  verses  of  the  Roland 
which  contain  alliteration.  This  would  not  allow  us  to  con- 
clude that  the  model  was  or  was  not  a  classical  Latin  poet, 
since  too  much  depends  upon  the  taste  of  the  author  of  the 
French  poem.  If  he  possessed  little,  he  could  easily  exagger- 
ate a  device  which  he  found  used  with  moderation  by  a  classic, 
say  Virgil.  On  the  other  hand,  if  he  had  good  taste  and  the 
"sentiment  de  la  mesure,"  which  is  the  second  nature  of  every 
true  Frenchman,  there  is  a  possibility  that  the  model  was  not 
a  classic,  but  a  second-rate  Mediaeval  author  who  overdid  the 
use  of  alliteration,  the  author  of  the  Chanson  having  enough 
tact  and  taste  to  follow  his  model  with  due  reserve. 

There  are  left,  then,  points  1,  3,  5,  and  6  to  be  used  in  the 
following  examination.  When  considering  point  1,  we  must 
bear  in  mind  the  fact  that  the  genius  of  the  Latin  language 
was  far  more  favorable  to  the  formation  of  series  of  two  or 
more  consecutive  alliterating  words  than  is  the  French  lan- 
guage. The  Latin  had  the  asyndeton  which  has  not  come 
down  into  Romance;  it  further  had  a  very  elaborate  inflex- 
ional system,  whereas  French  generally  had  to  use  preposi- 
tions for  Latin  genitives,  datives  and  ablatives.  It  would  be 
a  wrong  method,  therefore,  should  we  merely  count  the  ex- 

1.    Neue  Beitrcige  zur  Erklarung  der  Aeneis,  pp.  293ff. 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN  33 

amples  of  alliterations  of  two  consecutive  words;  it  is  neces- 
sary to  include  also  those  cases  where  the  two  alliterating 
words  are  separated  by  a  monosyllable,  or  even  by  two  mono- 
syllables, if  in  Latin  the  latter  would  have  been  replaced 
by  the  asyndeton  or  by  a  genitive,  dative  or  ablative. 
The  total  number  of  this  type  of  alliterations  in  the  Roland 
amounts  to  about  130  out  of  465,  considering  the  alliterations 
consisting  of  two  alliterating  words  only.  Thus  it  is  clearly 
seen  that  the  author  of  the  French  poem  followed  a  principle 
different  from  that  of  the  Classical  Latin  poets. 

As  for  the  third  point,  we  find  168  alliterations  within  the 
same  hemistich  against  298  extending  over  both  hemistichs, 
likewise  considering  only  alliterations  consisting  of  two  allit- 
erating words.  Again  the  result  is  contrary  to  the  rule  of 
Classical  Latin  tradition. 

Quantity  playing  little  or  no  part  in  Romance  verse,  point 
5  cannot  serve  as  a  criterium. 

In  the  Roland,  alliteration  is  decidedly  a  means  of  linking 
two  or  more  verses,  there  existing  altogether  243  such  cases 
against  488  where  alliteration  is  confined  to  a  single  verse 
line;  in  other  words,  the  first  group  forms  a  percentage  of 
33.2  of  the  total  number  of  alliterations  found  in  the  poem. 

We  see,  then,  that  in  all  points  which  can  be  regarded  as 
true  criteria  the  technique  of  the  Roland  differs  in  the  use  of 
alliteration  from  that  of  the  Classical  Latin  poets.  There  is 
consequently  only  one  possibility  left:  the  influence  of  Me- 
diseval  Latin  poetry. 

Since  a  study  dealing  with  the  use  of  alliteration  as  a  poetic 
device  in  the  works  of  Mediaeval  Latin  literature  is  still  lack- 
ing, there  is  only  one  means  left  to  help  us  in  the  next  task, 
that  of  determining  the  characteristics  of  Mediaeval  Latin  al- 
literation :  we  must  limit  ourselves  to  selecting  a  certain  num- 
ber of  verses  from  different  authors  who  are  known  to  have 
used  alliteration,  and  to  deducing  the  underlying  principles. 
We  shall  examine: 


34  ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


1.  a  poem  ascribed  to  Saint  Augustine,  quoted  by  Fuchs^ : 
Claustra  carnis  praesto  frangi  clausa  Quaerit  anima, 
Gliscit,  ambit,  eluctatur  exul  frui  patria 

2.  Sidonius    Apollinaris,     (5th    century),    Carmina    VII, 
1-2^: 

Phoebe  peragrato  tandem  visurus  in  orbe 
quem  possis  perferre  parem,  da  lumina  caelo 

3.  a  piece   of  rhythmical  hexameters,   published  by  W. 
Meyer-Speyer^  I,  2-4: 

et  ductus  animae       det  tocum  vera  dicenti? 
Licet  in  Zacrimis        singultus  verba  erumpant 
de  te  certissime       tuus  discipulus  Zoquar 

4.  Venantius  Fortunatus,  De  Childeberto  Rege,  (6th  cen- 
tury) ,  published  by  W.  Meyer-Speyer*  I,  1-3 : 

i^ex  regionis  apex  et  supra  regna  regimen 
qui  caput  es  capitum,  vir  capitale  bonum, 
ornamentorum  ornatus  ornatius  ornans 

5.  Eugenius,  Bishop  of  Toledo,   (7th  century),  quoted  by 
Fuchs^ : 

Monastica  de  decem  plagis  Aegypti. 

Prima  plaga,  Aegjrpti  lymphas  in  sanguine  vertit, 

Altera  ranarum  crepitum  tabemque  creavit 

6.  Aldhelm,  (7th  century),  De  laudibus  virginum,  1-2^: 
Omnipotens  ^enitor  mundum  ditione  grubernans, 
Lucida  stelligeri  qui  condis  culmina  coeli 

1.  Die  rotnanischen  Sprachen,  p.  288. 

2.  Mon.  Germ.  Hist.  Auct.  antiqu.,  VIII,  203. 

3.  Ges.  Abh.,  I,  229. 

4.  Ibid.,  II,  368. 

5.  Die  romanischen  Sprachen,  p.  290. 

6.  Sancti  Aldhelmi  Opera  quae  extant,  ed.  J.  A.  Giles,  Oxford,  1844, 
p.  136. 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN  35 

7.  Walafried  Strabo,  (9th  century),  Vita  S.  Mammae  Mo- 
nachi,  cap.  IX,  1-3^ : 

Caesaream  post  ista  puer  venerandus  adivit 
/^epperit  et  25ortas  juxta  ?'esidere  patentes 
Quos  dudum  praeses  capieiidum  misit  ad  ipsum 

8.  Milo  of  St.  Amand,  (9th  century).  Vita  S.  Amandi,  lib. 
I,  cap.  1,  2-3^' : 

Errorum  itenebris  ???undo  pereunte,  misertus, 
Virginis  mtravit  ^halamum,  m^actumque  paravit 

9.  Heiric  of  Auxerre,  (9th  century).  Vita  S.  Germani,  lib. 
1,  cap.  2,  2-3^: 

Praesul  amator  erat,  merito  cognomine  mactus, 
Doctor  magnificus,  -^Jieritorum  luce  coruscus 

10.  Arnulfus,  Delicie  cleri,  (11th  century),  798*: 
Parvi  parva  petunt,  ??mgni  ??2aiuscula  malunt 

11.  Roger  of  Bee,  (end  of  the  11th  century),  De  contemptu 
mundi^ : 

Terram  contemnas,  qui  coelum  guaeris  habere ; 
Si  mansura  placent,  haec  /ugitiva  /uge. 
Alliteration  as  a  poetic  device  is  of  frequent  occurrence  in 
the  Christian-Latin  hymns  of  the  middle  ages,  as  has  been 
shown  by  J.  Huemer*'.    We  have  space  for  only  a  few  exam- 
ples: 

1.     Daniel,  V,  235^ : 

Novitate  partus  casti 
virgo  cuncta  renovasti 
cum  paris  clauso  cardine 

1.  Migne,  Patrol,  lat.,  t.  CXIV,  c.  1051. 

2.  Acta  Sanct.  Bolland,  ed.  Eenschen,  Februarii  Tomus  I,  p.  884, 

3.  Acta  Sanct.  Bolland.  Julii  Tomus  VII,  p.  238. 

4.  Rom.  Forsch.  II,  243. 

5.  Migne,  Patrol,  lat.,  t.  CLVIII,  c.  6910,  5-6. 

6.  Untersuchungen,  etc.  cf.  also  B.  M.  Dreves,  Hyninologische  Studien 
zu  Venantius  Fortunatus  und  Rabanus  Maurus,  Miinchen,  1908,  p.  23. 

7.  Thesaurus  hymnologicus,  V,  133. 


36  ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 

2.  Mone,  533^: 

Ave  Stella  watutina, 
peccatorum  medicina, 
?nundi  princeps  et  regiiia 

3.  Mone,  136- : 

spinas  poenae,  non  peccati 
29ortas  Jesu  volens  pati 

4.  Morel,  202^: 

-Sotrus  Cypri  ^alsamatus 
austro  pneumatis  perflatus, 
in  pacis  exemplum. 

In  the  Latin  sequences  of  the  middle  ages  we  likewise  meet 
with  the  use  of  alliteration  as  a  poetic  device*.    One  example^ : 
Plebs  parentis  pietatis, 
plausu  plaude  pravitatis 
putando  propaginem, 
Petrum  precare  pastorem, 
peccatorum  piscatorem, 
pacis  plenitudinem. 

From  these  examples  we  can  deduce  the  following  conclu- 
sions concerning  the  use  of  alliteration  as  a  poetic  device  in 
the  Latin  literature  of  the  middle  ages : 

1.  Alliteration  as  a  means  of  poetic  technique  never  went 
out  of  existence,  but  was  handed  down  from  generation  to  gen- 
eration, constituting  an  important  factor  in  literary  tradi- 
tion/^ 

1.  Lateinische  Hymnen  des  Mittelaltcrs,  II,  321. 

2.  Ibid.  I,  180. 

3.  Lateinische  Hymnen  des  Mittelaltcrs,  p.  127. 

4.  cf.  Bartsch,  Die  lateinischen  Sequenzen  des  Mittelalters,  p.  240. 

5.  Ibid. 

6.  cf .  Fuchs,  Die  romanischen  Sprachen,  p.  257.  G.  Korting's  statement 
in  his  Encyklopaedie  und  Methodologie  der  Romanischen  Philologie,  Teil 
II,  Heilbronn,  1884,  p.  411 :  "Auch  die  Alliteration  wurde  von  den  Kunst- 
dichtern  nicht  selten  verwertet,  in  weiterem  Umfange  aber  nur  von 
denen  der  vorklassischen  Zeit,"  must  therefore  be  modified. 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN  37 

2.  The  frequency  of  its  occurrence  in  one  poetic  unit  is 
bound  by  no  fixed  rule,  but  depends  entirely  upon  the  taste 
and  predilections  of  the  individual  authors. 

3.  It  is  used  in  a  two-fold  way:  either  the  alliterating 
words  are  consecutive,  or  they  are  separated  from  one  an- 
other by  words  other  than  mere  particles,  the  examples  of 
the  first  group  slightly  outnumbering  those  of  the  second, 
though  much  depends  here  also  upon  the  individual  taste  of 
the  poet. 

4.  The  alliterating  words  may  or  may  not  be  distributed 
over  several  hemistichs. 

5.  In  many  cases,  two  or  even  three  consecutive  verse  lines 
are  linked  by  alliteration. 

6.  As  for  the  relationship  of  alliteration  and  arsis,  I  do 
not  feel  competent  to  undertake  such  a  research,  as  it  would 
require  a  detailed  knowledge  of  Latin  rhythmical  verse.  The 
material  used  as  a  basis  here  would  be  insufficient  for  such  a 
task,  and  the  preliminary  work  necessary  would  be  in  too 
great  a  disproportion  to  the  main  object  of  this  study. 

7.  Alliteration  is  bound,  however,  to  no  particular  kind 
of  Latin  verse  nor  to  any  definite  place  within  the  verse  line. 

In  all  the  important  points,  3,  4,  5,  and  7,  its  use  in  Medise- 
val  poetry  agrees  with  that  observed  in  the  Roland.  There 
can  be  no  doubt,  then,  but  that  the  model  or  models  used  by 
Turoldus  are  Mediaeval  Latin  writers.  This  result  is  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  observations  of  Wilhelm  Tavernier,  who 
demonstrated  the  great  influence  exercised  by  the  works  of 
erudite  Latin  literature,  such  as  the  Waltharhis,  on  the  Old 
French  poem. 

Of  all  this  literature  there  is  one  poem  which  stands  in  a 
peculiar  relationship  to  the  Roland:  the  Carmen  de  prodicione 
Guenonis,  a  piece  consisting  of  482  distichs,  written  we  do  not 
know  by  whom,  or  in  what  part  of  France,  or  at  what  date. 
A  superficial  glance  at  this  monument  of  erudite  poetry  suf- 
fices to  show  an  immense  number  of  alliterations,  all  through 
the  poem.    As  there  exists  a  certain  possibility  of  the  allitera- 


38 


ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


tions  helping  in  the  solution  of  the  question  as  to  which  of 
the  two  poems  is  the  older,  the  Roland  or  the  Carmen,  it  will 
be  worth  while  to  collect  and  to  classify  the  alliterations  of 
the  latter.  The  definition  and  system  of  classification  will  be 
the  same  as  those  adopted  in  the  case  of  the  Roland,  with  three 
exceptions:  First,  vocalic  alliteration  has  received  the  same 
treatment  as  in  Wolfflin's  studies,  that  is,  all  vowels  are  con- 
sidered as  alliterating  with  each  other.  Second,  in  view  of  the 
great  artificiality  of  the  Carmen  and  its  immense  number  of 
rhetorical  figures  and  alliterations,  it  appeared  probable,  in 
more  than  one  case,  that  even  in  the  poet's  choice  of  conjunc- 
tions, prepositions  and  particles  we  have  examples  of  inten- 
tional alliteration.  Third,  the  subdivision  according  to  the 
position  of  the  alliterating  syllables  within  the  verse  line  is 
no  longer  possible  and  has  been  replaced  by  another,  as  will 
be  seen. 

I.     Alliterations  within  one  verse  line. 

A.     Alliterations  of  two  alliterating  words. 


§  1.     Simple 
:  leges 
jiibetur 
sinistra 
sola 


31     legatum 

39     judice   : 

91     sedere  : 

140  species 

151  Rollandum  :  rex 

153  donans   :  daturum 

175  letificant 

178  accipit  : 

212  scandit 

213  vexant  : 
220  premia  : 
246  manum 
262  cogit 


legatum 
:  adit 

:  scopulos 
:  voiles 
:  polliciti 

:  munit 
condicione 


278  Rollandi 
280  timidus 
289  majora  : 


:  ruunt 

tutus 

minans 


alliterations. 

293  auditur   :  armorum 

313  mortis   :  Mars 

318  carnis    :   cogit 

324  fuit  :  ferus 

328  summam   :  superstes 

355  ferunt  :  ferre 

359  sexaginta  :  supersunt 

387  arma  :  actus 

397  obliquo   :  Oliverus 

427  stat  :  secat 

432  primus   :  putat 

453  Rollandus   :  referta 

465  fama  :  fuisti 

466  d2ix  :  decus 
472  gentis   :  gloria 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN  39 

§  2.    Rhetorical  figures. 

a)  a  word  alliterates  with  itself  in  the  same  form. 

12     idem  :  ide7n  342  vix  :  vix 

77     tutus  :  tutus  345  velut  :  velut 

171  rex   :  7^ex  421  comes   :  comes 
228  dedecus  :  dedecus  445  herba  :  herba 
314  gravis  :  gravis 

b)  a  word  alliterates  with  a  form  of  different  inflexion. 

33     fieri  :  factuyn  183  iitiz^^  :  fw^a 

51     parai  :  paratus  202  querit   :  querat 

101  re^es   :  regrfs  206  face^  :  vcica^ 

109  honor  :  honor e  218  Marsilii  :  Marsilium 

118  multis   :  imdta  226  subveniat  :  subveniendo 

124  millia  :  mille  258  victus  :  vincere 

130  credere  :  crede  277  diffugiunt   :  diffugientes 

131  Ze^re  :  tectum  291  omnes   :  oynnis 

132  agras  :  agre  301  instemus  :  instant 

133  inspicit  :  inspecta  325  adnichilat  :  adnichilatis 
142  /Ze:*;fi  :  /Zeica,  389  -yis^ts   :  i^icZei 

166  movent  :  mover e  393  regem  :  regi 

168  /dZ/ti  :  fallere  415  eo^ito   :  equorum 

169  audere   :  a2i(Ze^  417  gravis  :  gravior 

172  possit  :  posse  433  regem  :  regis 

174  scelere  :  scelu^  443  exsanguem  :  exsanguis 

c)  a  word  alliterates  with  one  of  its  derivatives  or  a  deriva- 
tive of  its  root. 

55  toZis  :  ^(xwto  241  Gero  :  Gerinus,  also :  267 

65  festinus  :  festinare  247  latitan^   :  latenter 

89  spaciantem  :  spaciosa  248  /losses   :  hostili 

129  reo;  :  re^fTia  375  regrwa  :  reo; 

146  sineret  :  smt^s  444  immundat  :  munda 


40 


ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


B.     Alliterations  of  three  alliterating  words. 
§  1.    Simple  alliterations. 


145  Karolo  :  carus  :  cordi 
245  caput  :  cassis  :  clipetis 
339  aspectus  :  auris  :  ardtia 
348  ferit  :  fugat  :  feros 


388  prelia  :  posse  :  pati 
473  patricios  :  proceres 
pedites 


§  2.    Rhetorical  figures. 


8      decus  :  digrui  :  decens 
22     I'eHs  :  -yeZ^e  :  velis 
64     parens  :  parare  :  parans 
73    (Sme  :  insidias  :  Siriorum 
94     decorat  :  decus  :  decor 
136  medio  :  tnedium  :  medio 
155  donat  :  cZoms  :  donantur 
163  jusjuratus  :  jure  :  jurat 


193  comites  :  comites  : 

comitantur 

309  77100;  :  tnorti  :  tiioo; 

317  A72se%m   :  acriter  :  acer 

381  omnibus  :  omnis  :  omnes 

391  cZai  :  dayyipna  :  dat 

411  ?iosce  :  Tzosce  :  noscis 

426  metutn  :  mortis   :  metus 

480  ereptus  :  eq'ito  :  e^'m's 


C.     Alliterations  of  four  alliterating  words. 

multa  :  victoria 

305  /orie    :  /erits    :  /i^gro,^ 
:  I'm  :  /en^ 


43     minis  :  minas  : 

minatur 
297  iJ^Ves   :  revocate 


fugant 
:  graves 


D.     More  than  one  alliteration  in  one  verse  line. 
§  1.  model:  a  :  a  :  b  :  b 

61     regem   :  regi  :  parere   :  273  mos    :    ??ioa;    : 

paratus  fugantur 

82     wieei   :  remeet   :  stows   :  274  Afars  :  Marte 

studet  gravis 

113  Karolu£  :  Karolo  :  regna  439  graviter  :  gravis  :  ea;;ta- 

:  regenda  sis  :  exhinc 

191  reo:  :  regnum  :  tentoria  :  477  summos  :  summo  :  medA- 

turmam  ocres  :  mediocri 

259  ;am   :  yace^   :  truncu^   : 

truncatu^ 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN 


41 


§  2.  model :  a  :  b  :  b  :  a 

59     furor   :  vincit    :  victa   :  292 

furore 

128  nzmc  :  parcat  :  parcere  :  333 

201  phalanx  :  tutela  :  tutela  336 

:  phalangis 

223  hostis   :  patet   :  procedit  382 

:  hostes 

235  omnibus   :  inquit  :  ita  :  395 

286  mme    :  gentis    :  gens    :  431 


decern    : 

rex'    : 

retinet   : 

decern 

hostibus 

:  invisus  :  vzsos 

:  hostes 

equus    : 

tutus 

:   ^Mfits    : 

eques 

causa  : 

scire  : 

submonet 

:  cfio 

minus   : 

aM(ia:c 

:  ausus  : 

diffugiunt  :  celeres  :  cer- 
tamine  :  cZwcii 


3.  model :  a  :  b  :  a  :  b 


85     incessanter  :  obit  :  cessat 

:  abire 
121  plures   :  re^res  :  plurima 

:  regna 
173  Karolo   :  tradat   :  claves 

:  tradit 
179  miratur  :  reditum   :  mi- 

ratur  :  redeuntem 
200  collectis    :    viris    :    con- 

239  probat    :   esse    :  pn2^    : 
esse 

240  fugando  :  mon  :  fugien- 
do  :  mori 

273  quinque  :  fugant  :  quin- 


que  :  fugantur 
310  passus  :  eques  :  precipi- 

tatur   :  equo 
366  desine   :  pudeat  :  desine 

:  pudor 
377  comperto  :  scelere  :  com- 

perta  :  sedicione 
390  utrunique  :  fuge  : 

utrumque  :  fugans 

457  adnixus  :  petit  :  aspera  : 
pdssi^ 

458  supplex   :  veniam   :  s%p- 
pZ^ce  :  voce 

471  promani    :    scih's    :    pro- 
mere  :  solum 


§  4.  model:  a  :  b  :  a  :  b  :  b 

244  armis  :  pereant  :  arwct  :     256  regum  :  remanet   :  re£re 
parare  :  parant  :  manente  :  ma7ius 


42 


ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


§  5,  model :  a  :  b  :  b  :  a  :  a 

344  equos  :  celeres  :  cursibus 
:  equat  :  eques 

§  6.  model  :a:b:b:a:c:c 

265  Rollandi  :  turma  :  tur- 
mas  :  riiit  :  omnis  :  om- 
nes 


§  7.  model:  a  :  a  :  b  :  a 

123  rex   :  regibus   :  subito   : 
regna 


h 


11. 
A. 
§  1- 

3-4 
10-1 

27-8 

32-3 

38-9 
45-6 


subibit 

Alliterations  extending  over  two  verse  lines. 

Alliterations  of  three  alliterating  words. 

Two  alliterating  words  in  the  first,  one  in  the  second 
verse  line. 

Karolus    :  clipeus    :  107-8     salutat  :  salutem  : 

contemptor  salutato 

mage  :  magis  :  mini-  129-30  brevi   :  abreviare   : 

tans  brevi 

perdi  :  perdunt  :  pa-  165-6     ceca  :  cupida  :  cuncta 

cem  205-6     Rollandum  :  rex  : 

possit  :  posse  :  preci-  rege 


minor 

tanta  :  tumet 
furore   :  fiec- 


pit 

minor 

tante 
59-60     furor 

tere 

vincit  :  victa  :  velle 
69-70     errore   :  pererrat   : 

error 
90-1       pinu  :  placet  :  parte 
103-4     decies  :  duo  :  dant 


229-30  Mars  :  mors  :  Tnillia 
mox    231-2     optat  :  optat  :  omni- 


bus 
239-40  probat  :  prius  :  posse 
259-60  jam   :  jacet   :  jam 
265-6     Rollandi  :  ruit  :  ruunt 
270-1     7ninus  :  minor  :  magis 
271-2     instant  :  ingens  : 

instat 
284-5     rege  :  rationis  : 

robora 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN 


43 


300-1     terga  :  timere   :  tali- 

bus 
302-3     7nira  :  movent  :  Marte 
306-7     obest  :  obit  :  OUvenis 
329-30  Marsilius   :  Marfi  : 

mente 
349-50  parcens  :  parcere  : 

prosternit 
350-1     solus  :  solo  :  similis 


373-4     capitis  :  conamine  : 

cruor 
383-4     Marte  :  Marsilius  : 

mori 
428-9     vulnera  :  viros  : 

adventum 
446-7     vix  :  t;ix  :  volvens 
471-2     so-ifs  :  solum  :  solus 
477-8     mediocres  :  mediocri 

minimo 


§  2.     One  alliterating'  word  in  the  first,  two  in  the  second 

verse  line. 


28-9  dolus  :  dicas  :  dicat 

36-7  nullus  :  nullum  :  nullus 

52-3  vote  :  firfef  :  videtur 

55-6  gravis  :  gravat  : 

56-7       monet  :  remanere  : 

Minerva 
73-4       timet   :  timet  :  timor 
99-100  multa  :  multa  :  magis 
109-10  tehs  :  talem  :  talia 
125-6     ungebunt  :  urbes  : 

w.r6a?^os 
127-8     nwZZo  :  nwTic  :  nullus 
172-3     credere  :  Karolo  : 

ci!aves 
178-9     means  :  miratur  : 

199-200  atra,   :  collectis   : 

consulit 
239-40  midto   :  ynori  :  mori 
282-3     fluens  :  festinans  : 

fremit 
291-2     dimidiat   :  decem   : 

decem 


306-7     ^eso  :  lateri  :  Zoca^ 
329-30  ^^acaf  :  vaca^  :  vacans 
335-6     Turpinu^  :  tutus  : 

tutu^ 
337-8     singula  :  singula  : 

sufficiant 
340-1     costo  :  c?'?<^s  :  cavus 
343-4     ctot^o  :  celeres  :  cursi- 

bus 
346-7     penam  :  proximus  : 

primordia 
375-6     agendum  :  audit  : 

agnoscit 
376-7     cau^a  :  comperto  : 

comperta 
379-80  redit  :  redeunte  : 

redit 
384-5  vidnera  :  viros   :  vzVes 
389-90  utrique   :  utrumque   : 

2iirit7?2^ite 
394-5     mortem   :  minus   : 

remanere 
400-1     postremo  :  plenus  : 

posi 


44  ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


406-7  ictiis  :  ictum  :  ictus  455-6     vivere  :  visum  : 

434-5  mori  :  metuunt  :  vivere 

renmnente  457-8  scopulo  :  supplex  : 

437-8  finit  :  finitis  :  finis  supplice 

448-9  crure  :  circumquaque  :     469-70  miratur  :  mors  :  mori 

corpora  470-1     potuisse  :  promam  : 

452-3     corpus  :  cedem  :  cecZe  promere 

476-7     simifcZ  :  summos  : 
summo 


B.     Alliterations  of  more  than  three  alliterating  words. 

§  1.     Two  alliterating-  words  in  the  first,  two  in  the  second 

verse  line. 

5-6  presignis  :  prestans  :  pins  :  potens 

19-20  regis  :  rex  :  regna  :  redire 

41-2  amoris  :  amore  :  amoris  :  amor 

47-8  minas  :  minantem.  :  minante  :  mlnas 

185-6  yitbei  :  juberi  :  jubere  :  jubet 

223-4  2J(iiei  :  procedit  :  reputans  :  2;osse 

273-4  -^ros  :  moo;  :  Mars  :  Marte 

274-5  graves  :  gravis  :  gentis  :  gentilis 

285-6  t^a'ra  :  mira  :  misse  :  modo 

356-7  plurima  :  prava  :  potest  :  plangere 

430-1  dampna  :  redire  :  diffugiunt  :  rfwcii 

441-2  moritur  :  moriente  :  ??ion  :  moriente 

462-3  moriendo  :  mori  :  ^nioriens  :  mors 

§  2.     One  alliterating  word  in  the  first,  three  in  the  second 

verse  line 


62-3  6rei;e  :  ^reve  :  brevi  :  brevibus 

231-2  prwts  :  parai  :  properat  :  j^rior 

340-1  prolixa  :  perlargum  :  2)es   :  pectus 

359-60  prelia  :  pariter  :  prelia  :  plaga 

422-3  probus  :  pedites  :  pectora  :  2?iZis 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN  45 


§  3.    Three  alliterating  words  in  the  first,  one  in  the  second 

verse  line 

13-4      regnum  :  regni  :  rex  :  rogo 
35-6       da  :  die  :  do  :  die 
54-5      furore  :  furor  :  furens  :  furor 
102-3     visis  :  visa  :  videre  :  visa 
138-9     feri  :  ferire  :  ferum  :  feritas 
219-20  seit  :  seduei  :  sedieione  :  solvere 
321-2     prius  :  passa  :  passim  :  passum 
358-9     viros  :  viduata  :  viris  :  vix 
396-7     fiigiens  :  fugiente  :  ftigit  :  feriens 
399-400  leditur  :  ledit  :  ledentem  :  lesus 
409-10  hostem  :  hostis  :  hostem  :  hostis 

§  4.    Two  alliterating  words  in  the  first,  three  in  the  second 

verse  line 

33-4  breve  :  breve  :  brevis  :  brevis  :  brevis 

67-8  regna  :  rege  :  regnis  :  regna  :  remota 

179-80  reditum  :  redeuntem  :  rex  :  redire  :  ratus 

221-2  videt  :  visa  :  viros  :  vallis  :  viris 

311-2  gravis  :  gravatur  :  gravior  :  gemitus  :  gravi 

315-6  viso  :  visa  :  victor  :  vindice  :  victus 

322-3  eede  :  eedis  :  eorde  :  eede  :  eruentus 

363-4  Martem  :  mortetn  :  Marte  :  mestus  :  magis 

413-4  voee  :  veniam  :  veniam  :  veniale  :  videt 

§  5.    Three  alliterating  words  in  the  first,  two  in  the  second 

verse  line 

111-2  probus  :  reprobu^  :  iniprobitate  :  improbitas  : 

probum 

127-8  parere  :  pares  :  parcet  :  parcat  :  pareere 

237-8  vincere  :  vinci  :  virtus  :  vinci  :  vineere 

256-7  regum  :  re7nanet  :  rege  :  Rollanduvi  :  ruit 

263-4  feriente  :  feros  :  ferit  :  ferum  :  ferox 

331-2  tam  :  tot  :  tanta  :  tarn  :  tot 


46  ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 

§  6.    Three  alliterating  words  in  the  first,  three  in  the  second 

verse  line 
143-4     probiis  :  probitas  :  probanda  :  probitas  :  probitate 

probat 
208-9     ducit  :  ducere  :  duces  :  ducum  :  duce  :  redwcta 

§  7.    Three  alliterating  words  in  the  first,  four  in  the  second 

verse  line 
303-4     viri  :  vires  :  viriles  :  viris  :  vires  :  vincere  :  viros 

§  8.    Four  alliterating  words  in  the  first,  three  in  the  second 

verse  line 
95-6      satis  :  satis  :  satis  :  satis  :  satis  :  satis  :  satis 

§  9.     Four  alliterating  words  in  the  first,  one  in  the  second 

verse  line 
93-4      micat  :  mage  :  mane  :  micante  :  7nagnificat 
295-6     tota  :  tuta  :  Turpini  :  tota  :  timens 

§  10.     One  alliterating  word  in  the  first,  four  in  the  second 

verse  line 
326-7     poterit  :  pauci  :  pugnant  :  paiici  :  pauci 

§  11.    Four  alliterating  words  in  the  first,  two  in  the  second 

verse  line 
243-4     animus  :  animos  :  animavit  :  arma  :  armis  :  arma 

§  12.    Two  alliterations  of  more  than  three  alliterating  words 

each 
195-6     Gallis  :  visis  :  Gallia  :  visa  :  videri  :  Gallia  :  visis  : 
Gallia  :  visa 

III.    Alliterations  extending  over  three  verse  lines. 

A.     Alliterations  of  four  alliterating  words. 

1.    model:  a/a  :  a/a 

190-2     refert  :  rex  :  regnuvi  :  7'etro 
264-6     turba  :  turma  :  turmas  :  timent 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN  47 


391-3     patris  :  perdens  :  perditur  :  preveniens 
419-21  tercius  :  tercius  :  tercius  :  Turpinus 

B.  Alliterations  of  five  alliterating  words. 

§  1.    model :  a  :  a  /  a  :  a  /  a 
97-9       veste  :  vestitur  :  vestem  :  vestis  :  vicetn 
233-5     Martem  :  minatur  :  minans  :  tiiinis  :  manet 

§  2.    model :  a  /  a  :  a  :  a  /  a 

6-8  mente  :  magnum  :  mirum  :  mirificabant  :  maxima 

87-9  regis  :  regem  :  reperit  :  retro  :  regem 

213-5  terrent  :  terribiles  :  terribiles  :  timor  :  timet 

248-50  ratios  :  reges  :  regna  :  regentes  :  regibus 

454-6  mori  :  moriens  :  magis  :  mortem  :  mori 

459-61  credunt  :  coimu  :  capere  :  curat  :  cornu 

§  3.  model :  a  :  a  /  a  /  a  :  a 
50-2  furor  :  feritas  :  ferre  :  furor  :  ferat 
366-8     pudent  :  pudor  :  perpes  :  obprobrinm  :  pudor 

§  4.  model :  a  /  a  :  a  /  a  :  a 
335-7     equum  :  equus  :  eques  :  equum  :  equi 

C.  Alliterations  of  six  alliterating  words. 

76-8  parat  :  pavor  /  parum  /  primum  :  procul  :  prope 

79-81  timore  :  timor  /  timet  :  timidum  :  timor  /  terret 

84-6  instimidant  :  instimidatu^  /  incessanter  :  abire  /  ira  : 

ire 

223-5  hostis  :  hostes  /  haut  :  hostes  /  hunc  :  hostes 

260-2  pereunt  :  pariter  :  pereunte  /  perire  /  pariter  :  2^an 

286-8  gentis  :  gens  /  gens  :  gens  :  gens  /  gens 

350-2  mille  /  Marti  :  Mars  :  Marte  /  Martem  :  Mars 

415-7  pedibus  /  proh  :  pudor  :  proh  :  perit  /  plus 

D.  Alliterations  of  more  than  six  alliterating*  words. 

119-21  potis  :  potestas  /  possit  :  perdere  :  posse  /  plures  : 
plurima 


48  ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 

121-3     reges  :  regna  /  reges  :  regna  /  rex  :  regibus  :  regna 
158-60  minis   :  minans  /  magis    :  magis   :  7nage   :  magis  / 

7nunera  :  magis  :  mens  :  mota  :  magis 
209-12  pars  /  pars  :  pars  :  pedes  /  pars  :  parat  :  pars  /  pars 

IV.  Alliterations  extending  over  more  than  three  verse 
lines. 

103-6     milia  /  millia  :  mille  :  metus  /  miratur  :  mira  :  mira  / 

mirans  :  Marsilium 
234-7     omnia  /  omnibus  :  omnes  /  opus  :  ope  /  optima 
401-4     vulneribus  :  vulnera  /  vulnerat  :  viros  /  velut  /  visus  : 

vigor 

Let  us  now  determine  the  number  of  alliterations  in  both 
poems,  the  percentage  of  the  verses  containing  alliteration, 
and  the  number  of  each  kind  of  alliteration  according  to  the 
divisions  and  subdivisions  followed  in  the  tables  given  above. 

Some  preliminary  remarks  will  be  necessary  to  avoid  er- 
rors. When  speaking  of  the  number  of  alliterations,  I  mean 
the  number  of  groups  of  alliterating  words,  each  group  rep- 
resenting a  unit,  no  matter  whether  it  consists  of  two  or  more 
alliterating  words  or  whether  it  extends  over  one  or  more 
verse  lines. 

Each  alliteration  has  been  mentioned  only  once  in  the  above 
tables.  Thus  the  alliteration  arbres  :  amont  (Rol.  2874)  oc- 
curring with  another  in  the  same  verse  line,  has  not  been 
quoted  in  the  table  containing  alliteratioiis  of  two  alliterating 
words  (within  one  verse  line) ,  under  the  heading  §§  4-9,  but 
only  in  the  table  of  more  than  one  alliteration  in  one  verse  line. 
It  will,  however,  be  counted  in  the  total  number  of  allitera- 
tions belonging  to  the  subdivision  in  question.  The  case  is 
different  with  alliterations  extending  over  two  or  more  verse 
lines,  such  alliterations  not  counting  as  simple  alliterations, 
that  is,  as  alliterations  of  two  alliterating  words.  Alliteration 
extending  over  more  than  one  verse  line  has  been  considered 
intentional  when  out  of  two  verse  lines  at  least  one  contained 
two  alliterating  words,  or  when  out  of  three  at  least  two 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN 


49 


contained  two  alliterating  words  each.  In  a  few  instances 
it  was  found  necessary  to  mention  the  same  alliteration  twice : 
when  two  alliterating  words  making  part  of  an  alliterative 
group  of  three  or  more,  extending  over  more  than  one  verse 
line,  occurred  with  another  alliteration  in  the  same  line,  the 
example  has  been  quoted  twice,  first  in  the  table  of  more  than 
one  alliteration  in  one  verse  line,  second  in  the  table  of  allit- 
erations consisting  of  more  than  two  alliterating  words.  Such 
is  the  case  with  the  alliteration  mediocres  :  mediocri  (Carmen, 
477).  In  the  following  summary  R  stands  for  the  Chanson, 
C  for  the  Carmen. 


R    I  C 

Total  number  of  alliterations 731   |  297 

Alliterations  within  one  verse  line 488   I  139 

A.     Alliterations  of  two  allitei-ating  words 466  |  112 


,1-3 

24 

1-4 

22 

1  1-5  1  17 

1-6  1  16  1  1-7 

13  1  1-8  1  12  1  1-9 

14  1 

1-10 

10  1 

1  2-3 

3 

2-4 

16 

1  2-5 

6 

2-6  1  14  1  2-7 

8  1  2-8  1    8  1  2-9 

13 

2-10 

14  1 

3-4 

4  !  3-5  1 

10 

3-6  1  13  1  3-7 

11  !  3-8  1    9  1  3-9 

18 

23 

5 

3-10 
4-10 
5-10 
6-10 
7-10 
8-10" 
'9-10 

91 

!4-5  1 

8 

4-6  1  13  1  4-7 

16  1  4-8  1    7  1  4-9 

16  1 

5-6  1    4  1  5-7 

9  !  5-8  1    8  1  5-9 

21 

1         116-7 

2  16-8  1    5  1  6-9 

14 
8 
9" 

15  1 

i         1        1 

1  7-8  1    2  1  7-9 

6| 

1         1        1 

1         118-9 

81 

1         II         II         II 

21 

II. 


III. 


IV. 


R 

B.  Alliterations  of  three  alliterating  words 20 

C.  Alliterations  of  four  alliterating  words 2 

Alliterations  extending  over  two  verse  lines 216 

A.  Alliterations  of  three  alliterating  words 193 

§1.     Two  alliterating  words  in  the  first, 

one  in  the  second  verse  line 106 

§2.     One  alliterating  word   in  the  first, 

two  in  the  second  verse  line 87 

B.  Alliterations  of  more  than  three  alliterating 

words  23 

Alliterations  extending  over  three  verse  lines 24 

A.  Alliterations  of  four  alliterating  words 21 

B.  Alliterations  of  more  than  four  alliterating 

words  3 

Alliterations  extending  over  more  than  three 

verse  lines 3 


24 

3 

128 

75 


40 

53 

27 

4 

23 


50 


ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


How  are  these  figures  to  be  interpreted?  The  total  of  all 
alliterations  in  R  is  731  in  4002  verses,  in  C  it  is  297  in  482 
verses.  The  percentage,  then,  of  the  verses  containing  allitera- 
tion is  18.3  for  R,  63.7  for  C,  which  means  that  in  the  Latin 
poem  the  percentage  is  about  3.5  times  as  large  as  in  the 
Chanson.  It  may  be  of  interest  to  know  the  proportion  which 
each  of  the  different  kinds  of  alliterations  takes  in  the  total 
number  in  both  poems:  I  shall  give  the  percentages  in  tabu- 
lated form,  indicating  the  divisions  and  subdivisions  by  their 
symbols. 


Symbol 

Percentage 

I,  A 
B 
C 

R 

63.7 

2.7 

.3 

C 

37.7 
8.3 
1.0 

Total 

66.7 

47.0 

II,  A 
B 

26.5           25.0 
3.1           17.8 

Total 

29.4 

42.8 

III 

IV 


3.3 

.4 


9.1 
1.0 


Considering  first  the  alliterations  within  one  verse  line,  we 
see  clearly  from  the  table  that  the  percentage  of  alliterations 
of  more  than  two  alliterating  words  is  larger  by  far  in  the 
Carmen  than  in  the  Roland  (about  3.1  times  as  large) ,  where- 
as the  percentage  of  alliterations  of  two  alliterating  words  is 
larger  in  the  Chanson  than  in  the  Carmen  (about  1.7  times  as 
large) . 

Considering  the  alliterations  extending  over  two  verse  lines, 
we  find  that  the  percentage  of  the  alliterations  which  consist 
of  three  alliterating  words  in  the  Roland  exceeds  somewhat 
the  percentage  of  the  corresponding  group  in  the  Carmen. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  percentage  of  alliterations  consisting 
of  more  than  three  alliterating  words  is  5.7  times  as  large  in 
the  Latin  poem  as  in  the  Chanson.  As  for  the  total  of  the  al- 
literations within  one  verse  line,  its  percentage  is  1.4  times 
as  large  in  the  Roland  as  in  the  Carmen,  while  on  the  other 
hand  the  percentage  of  the  alliterations  extending  over  two 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN  51 


verse  lines  is  1.4  times  as  large  in  the  Carmen  as  in  the  Ro- 
land, which  means  that  the  proportion  of  the  two  correspond- 
ing groups  is  just  the  reverse. 

As  for  the  alliterations  extending  over  three  and  more  than 
three  verse  lines,  we  see  that  the  percentage  of  the  former  is 
2.8  times,  that  of  the  latter  2.5  times  as  large  in  the  Carmen 
as  in  the  Roland. 

Summing  up  our  conclusions,  we  may  say : 

1.  Practically  all  types  of  alliterations  which  are  found  in 
the  Roland  are  found  also  in  the  Carmen. 

2.  The  percentage  of  the  total  of  the  alliterations  as  well 
as  that  of  the  different  types  is  different  in  both  poems. 
C  prefers  alliterations  of  more  than  two  alliterating 
words  and  such  as  extend  over  more  than  two  verse 
lines,  whereas  R  favors  alliterations  of  two  words  only 
and  within  one  verse  line.  In  other  words,  the  author 
of  the  Carmen  used  more  and  more  complex  allitera- 
tions than  the  author  of  the  Old  French  poem. 

The  reason  for  this  is  not  difficult  to  find.  The  genius  of 
the  Latin  language  undoubtedly  favors  the  use  of  complex 
alliterations,  owing  to  its  synthetical  character.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  unit  of  the  Latin  verse  line  was  not  so  strongly  felt 
as  Vv^as  the  French  ten-syllable  verse,  hence  the  desirability  of 
introducing  another  factor  which  might  add  to  the  structural 
beauty  of  the  poem. 

The  figures  give  us  no  information  as  to  the  relation- 
ship of  the  two  poems.  We  see  clearly  that  alliteration  is  used 
as  a  poetic  device  in  both ;  but  it  is  impossible  to  conclude  from 
them  whether  the  poet  of  the  Carmen,  noticing  the  many  al- 
literations in  the  Roland,  imitated  this  device,  overdoing  it, 
favored  as  he  was  by  the  character  of  the  Latin  language,  or 
whether  Turoldus  had  before  him  the  Carmen  and  introduced 
the  same  device  he  saw  used  there  into  his  own  work,  his  own 
good  taste  and  the  genius  of  the  vernacular  tongue  preventing 
him  from  falling  into  the  artificiality  which  is  so  prominent 
in  the  Latin  poem. 


52  ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 

It  will  be  necessary,  then,  to  examine  more  closely  the  allit- 
erations of  both  poems  and  try  to  find  some  common  charac- 
teristics. 

From  the  tables  given  above  we  see  that  the  large  majority 
of  the  alliterations  contained  in  the  Carmen  are  rhetorical 
figures,  which  more  than  the  alliterations  themselves  con- 
tribute to  confer  upon  the  poem  this  mark  of  artificiality.  As 
a  matter  of  fact,  the  total  of  all  rhetorical  figures  is  236  in 
297  alliterations,  that  is,  a  percentage  of  79.5. 

These  rhetorical  figures  may  be  subdivided  into  four 
groups : 

1.  a  word  alliterates  with  itself  in  the  same  form 

2.  a  word  alliterates  with  a  form  of  different  inflexion 

3.  a  word  alliterates  with  one  of  its  derivatives  or  a  de- 
rivative of  its  root 

4.  only  the  prefix  of  the  two  alliterating  words  is  the  same, 
the  roots  differing. 

In  cases  where  the  alliterating  group  consists  of  more  than 
two  alliterating  words  we  may  have  a  mixture  of  these  four 
classes.  In  order  to  avoid  counting  one  example  twice,  cases 
representing  a  mixture  of  classes  1  and  2  have  been  counted 
in  2  only,  as  the  more  general  class;  such  as  show  a  mixture 
of  1  and  3,  or  of  2  and  3  have  been  counted  in  3  as  the  most 
general  class  of  the  three.  There  is  only  one  case  where  4 
coincides  with  another  group  in  the  same  alliterative  unit; 
the  example  in  question  has  been  reported  under  the  heading 
of  4  and  omitted  in  the  other  class.  A  computation  gives  the 
following  results: 


Class  1 

44  examples 

Class  2 

118 

Class  3 

72 

Class  4 

2 

Total:       236 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN 


53 


The  percentages  of  each  are: 
Class  1:   18.6 
Class  2:  50.0 
Class  3:  33.5 
Class  4:     0.9 


The  Roland  likewise  contains  a  certain  number  of  rhetori- 
cal figures,  which  will  be  grouped  below  and  classified  from 
the  same  point  of  view  as  those  of  the  Carmen: 

Class  1: 


57-8 

testes  :  testes 

1483-4  molt  :  molt 

349-50 

tant  :  tant 

2093      alquanz  :  alquanz 

409-11 

tint  :  tint 

2185      cerchet  :  cerchet    ■ 

411 

mot  :  mot 

2229      at  :  at 

958-9 

veit  :  veit 

2235      guardet  :  guxirdet 

1002 

fut  :  fut 

2271     halt  :  sont  :  halt  :  sont 

1011 

granz  :  granz 

2306-7  tantes  :  tantes 

1015 

ont  :  ont 

2308-10  at  :  at 

1022 

tanz  :  tanz 

2641      laissent  :  laissent 

1030-1 

sont  :  sont 

3038-9  sont  :  sont  :  sont 

1190-1 

Franceis  :  Franceis 

3585      nut  :  nut 

1439-40  milliers  :  milliers 

3701     mandet  :  mandet 

Class  2 : 

143 

dist  :  dit 

1105      fait  :  ferat 

227 

mort  :  moerjims 

1285-6  met  :  mist 

240 

fereit  :  fesist 

1399-1401  tante  :  tant  : 

439-40 

fut  :  fust 

tante  :  tant 

480 

mul  :  mule 

1417-8  moerent  :  mort 

496 

dist  :  dit 

1539-40  met  :  mist 

540-1 

tantes  :  tanz 

1715-6  dist  :  dis 

553-5 

tantes  :  tam 

;  tanz 

1744      venget  :  vengier 

757 

mul  :  mide 

2332-4  teneit  :  tient 

794-8 

vint    :   vint    : 

vint    : 

2419-20  plort  :  vlorent 

vint  :  vint  :  venuz 

2713      rei  :  reine 

969 

Franceis  :  France 

2744      fil  :  fille 

983-4 

dient  :  dist 

2824      sire  :  seignor 

1023-4 

feront  :  faite 

3980-1  Deu  :  Deus 

54 


ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


Class  3: 

33 

charre  :  chareier 

1466 

49-50 

Franceis   :  Franc   : 

1486 

France 

1594 

107 

Gerins   :  Geriers 

1604 

131 

charre  :  charreier 

1881 

163-4 

matin  :  matines 

1895 

174 

Geriers  :  Gerins 

2147 

177 

Frans   :  France 

2186 

253 

Sarrazin  :  Sarragoce 

'      2404 

669-70 

matin  :  matines 

2641 

701-2 

Franc  :  France 

2670 

804 

Frans  :  France 

3123 

808 

Franceis  :  France 

3226 

938 

Franceis  :  France 

3254 

989 

Franceis  :  France 

3408 

1210-1 

France  :  Franc 

3833 

1438 

Franceis  :  France 

chancon  :  chantede 
codart  :  codardie 
Malquidanz  :  Malcud 
Franceis  :  Frans 
monies  :  mostiers 
Yvorie  :  I  von 
jorz  :  ajornez 
Gerin  :  Gerier 
Gerins  :  Geriers 
Marbrise  :  Marbrose 
Clarifan  :  Clariien 
altretel  :  altre 
Sorbres  :  Sorz 
Hums  :  Hongres 
regnes  :  reis 
fel  :  felonie 


The  total  number  of  all  rhetorical  figures  in  the  Roland  is 
82,  which  are  distributed  over  the  three  classes  in  the  follow- 
ing way: 

Class  1:  24 
Class  2:  26 
Class  3:  32 

The  examples  which  might  have  been  counted  under  the  last 
heading  have  not  been  considered,  since  in  the  Roland  it  is 
extremely  doubtful  whether  a  rhetorical  figure  was  intended 
by  the  author,  the  combinations  in  question  being  perfectly 
natural,  as  for  instance:  aval  :  amont  (Rol.  2235).     There 


1.  Sarrazin  and  Sarragoce,  from  Caesaris  Augusta,  would,  of  course, 
not  be  considered  as  a  rhetorical  figure  in  our  sense  of  the  word.  Still,  when 
seeing  the  combination  one  cannot  help  thinking  that  the  author  of  the 
poem  believed  them  derived  from  the  same  etymon  and  related  to  each 
other,  that  the  combination  was  meant  by  him  to  be  a  rhetorical  figure. 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN  55 

are,  moreover,  very  few  cases  belonging  to  this  class.  The  per- 
centages of  the  other  three  are: 

Class  1:  29.3 
Class  2:  31.7 
Class  3:  89.0 

The  percentage  of  the  total  of  all  rhetorical  figures  is  11.2 
for  the  Roland,  79.5  for  the  Carmen. 

We  see,  then,  that  the  percentage  of  all  rhetorical  figures 
is  for  the  Carmen  seven  times  the  percentage  of  those  in  the 
Roland.  As  for  their  distribution  over  the  different  subdi- 
visions in  both  poems,  we  may  say  that  in  the  Carmen  class 
2  shows  the  largest  number  of  examples,  in  the  Roland  class 
3.  The  reason  for  this  is  doubtless  that  the  synthetical  char- 
acter of  the  Latin  language  favored  the  formation  of  rhetor- 
ical figures  of  class  2,  which  is  not  the  case  in  the  modern 
languages. 

Coming  to  our  main  conclusion,  we  must  say  that  it  is  im- 
possible to  see  any  influence  of  the  Carmen  on  the  Roland  as 
far  as  rhetorical  figures  are  concerned.  For  the  moderate  use 
of  this  poetic  device,  Turoldus  may  have  found  precedent  in 
almost  any  work  of  Classical  or  Mediaeval  Latin  literature. 
There  is  nothing  which  favors  the  supposition  that  the  Car- 
men was  his  model,  unless  we  assume  that  this  model  did  not 
exercise  any  influence  upon  his  own  work  as  far  as  the  form 
is  concerned.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Chanson  hardly  exer- 
cised any  influence  on  the  Carmen  with  regard  to  the  form. 
To  explain  this  we  must  bear  in  mind  that  the  latter  undoubt- 
edly represented  a  higher  genre,  being  written  in  Latin;  the 
author  would  probably  not  have  sought  his  model  among 
works  of  the  vernacular,  but  would  rather  have  looked  to 
specimens  of  Latin  erudite  literature,  and  there  he  would 
have  found  examples  enough  of  the  exaggerated  and  artificial 
use  of  rhetorical  figures. 

It  will  be  of  interest  to  see  to  what  an  extent  the  author 
of  the  Carmen  drew  on  Classical  and  Mediaeval  Latin  litera- 
ture for  the  alliterations  contained  in  his  work.    The  groups 


56 


ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


of  syntactically  coordinated  alliterating  words  found  in  Clas- 
sical and  Mediaeval  Latin  writers  having  been  collected  by 
Wolfflin  and  Ranninger,  it  will  be  of  value  to  quote  those 
which  occur  in  the  Carmen  and  to  note  those  among  them 
which  have  been  found  in  the  works  of  previous  writers.  In 
the  following  table  they  will  be  given  in  alphabetical  orders 

micat  :  ruagnificat 
ohest  :  obit 
parat  :  properat 
patet  :  procedit 
patricios    :   proceres    : 

pedites 
perdens  :  preveniens 
pes  :  pectus 
(presignis  :  prestans:) 

pius  :  potens  R  34 
reges :  regna  R  36,  S  80 
remanet  :  ruit 
stat  :  secat 
timet  :  terret 
timidus  :  tutiis 
urbes  :  urbanos 

We  see  that  the  large  majority  of  the  alliterating  groups 
found  in  the  Carmen  have  not  been  quoted  by  the  two  authors 
who  have  treated  this  subject  in  Classical  and  Mediaeval  Latin 
literature.  Whether  or  not  these  combinations  of  alliterating 
words  are  the  inventions  of  the  author  of  the  Carmen  cannot 
be  decided  before  an  exhaustive  study  of  the  whole  field  down 
to  the  twelfth  century  will  have  been  undertaken. 


178 

accipit  :  adit 

93-4 

376 

audit  :  agnoscit 

306 

245 

cassis  :  clipeu^ 

232 

3-4 

clipeus   :  contemptor 

223 

94 

decu^  :  decor 

473 

466 

dux  :  decus 

348 

ferit   :  fugat 

392-3 

282-3  fluens  :  fsetinans 

341 

240 

fugando   :  fugiendo 
R  27,  S  59 

5-6 

305 

fugat  :  ferit 

121 

241 

Gero  :  Gerinus;  also: 

256-7 

267 

427 

7 

magnum  :  mirum,  R  29, 

80-1 



S  68  III,  449 

280 

229-30  Mars   :  mors 

126 

363 

Martem  :  mortem 

1.  The  figures  indicate  the  page  of  Wolfflin's  and  Ranninger's  ar- 
ticles on  which  the  examples  in  question  are  quoted:  III  referring  to 
Wolfflin's  study  in  the  Archiv  fiir  lateinsche  Lexikographie  und  Gram- 
matik,  III,  S  to  his  article  in  the  Sitzungsberichte  der  Kgl.  Bayerischen 
Akademie  der  Wissenschaften,  Philosophisch-philologische  Classe,  Miin- 
chen,  1882,  R  to  the  study  of  Ranninger,  entitled  Ueber  die  Alliteration 
hei  den  Gallolateinern. 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN  57 


The  next  question  to  be  answered  touches  the  position  of 
the  alliterations  in  the  epic  verse  of  the  Roland.  Did  the 
poet  scatter  them  all  along  the  verse  line  or  did  he  follow  a 
certain  scheme  in  using  them? 

Examining  all  alliterations  of  two  alliterating  words  with 
regard  to  their  position  in  the  ten-syllable  verse  and  grouping 
them  in  the  order  of  their  totals,  we  arrive  at  the  following 
result : 

24  I  23  I  22  i  18  I  17  I       16       I  15  I       14 


1-3  I  4-9  I  1-4  I  3-9  I  1-5  |  1-6  |  2-4  |  4-7  |  4-10  |  6-10  |  1-9  |  2-6  |  2-10  |  6-9 

13      I  12  I  11  I    10   I        9 


1-7  I  2-9  I  3-6  I  4-6  |  1-8  |  3-7  |  1-10  |  3-5  |  3-8  |  3-10  |  5-7  |  8-9 

8  I  7  !    6    I    5   I  4  I 

2-7  I  2-8  I  4-5  I  5-8  |  7-9  |  8-10  |  4-8  |  2-5  |  7-10  |  5-9  |  6-8  |  3-4  | 

3 I 2 

2-3  i  5-6  I  5-10  i  6-7  |  7-8  |  9-10 

Let  us  try  to  interpret  the  figures  of  this  table.  Allitera- 
tion group  1-4  represents  a  linking  of  the  first  and  the  last 
word  of  the  first  hemistich,  if  the  last  word  be  a  monosyllable 
or  a  dissyllabic  word  with  a  feminine  e  in  the  second  syllable. 
1-3  represents  the  same  kind  of  linking  in  cases  where  the 
last  word  of  the  first  hemistich  consists  of  two  syllables,  the 
last  being  masculine,  or  of  three  syllables,  the  last  being  fem- 
inine. It  follows,  then,  that  alliteration  serves  in  the  first 
place  to  unify  the  first  hemistich  of  the  ten-syllable  verse  and 
to  mark  the  caesura  more  strongly  than  would  have  been  the 
case  without  alliteration.  4-9  means  a  linking  of  the  last 
word  of  the  first  with  the  last  word  of  the  second  hemistich, 
just  as  4-10,  3-9,  and  3-10,  according  to  the  number  and  char- 
acter of  the  last  syllables  of  the  alliterating  words.  All  of 
these,  with  the  exception  of  3-10,  are  represented  by  large 
numbers  of  examples.  1-5  means  a  linking  of  the  first  word 
of  the  first  hemistich  with  the  first  word  of  the  second.  A 
modification  of  these  cases  is  seen  when  the  first  word  of  the 
hemistich  is  an  unstressed  monosyllable:  article,  preposition, 
pronoun,  etc.     Then  the  second  word  takes  the  place  of  the 


58  ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 

first,  thus  explaining  the  frequency  of  alliterations  belonging 
to  groups  2-4,  1-6,  2-6,  6-9,  and  6-10.  In  the  second  and  third 
place,  alliteration  serves  to  link  the  two  hemistichs  of 
the  epic  verse,  or,  in  the  case  of  6-9  and  6-10,  to  unify  the 
second  hemistich.  1-9  and  1-10  mean  a  linking  of  the  first  and 
the  last  word  of  the  verse,  thus  marking  it  off  from  the  pre- 
ceding and  following  one.  As  we  see  from  the  table,  the  ex- 
amples of  1-10  are  not  quite  so  numerous,  but  there  are  many 
examples  for  2-9  and  2-10,  which  represent  verses  where  the 
first  word  is  an  unstressed  monosyllable,  the  stress  falling 
therefore  on  the  second  syllable.  The  explanation  for  the 
rather  frequent  instances  belonging  to  group  1-8  is  found  in 
the  fact  that  out  of  the  twelve  examples  there  are  ten  the  last 
word  of  which  consists  of  three  syllables,  the  third  being  mas- 
culine, or  of  four,  the  fourth  being  feminine  with  regard  to 
the  ending.  This  group  serves,  then,  the  same  purpose  as  1-9, 
1-10,  2-9,  and  2-10,  that  is,  to  mark  off  the  verse  line.  The 
only  group  having  numerous  examples  and  the  purpose  of 
which  cannot  be  seen  is  4-7  with  sixteen  examples ;  it  may  be 
that  this  comparatively  large  number  is  due  to  chance.  The 
total  amount  of  alliterations  which  can  be  proved  to  serve  a 
definite  purpose  in  the  structure  of  the  verse  is  about  270  (con- 
sidering only  alliterations  of  two  alliterating  words) ,  that  is, 
57.7  per  cent  of  the  whole  number  of  alliterations  belonging  to 
this  subdivision.  It  is  therefore  certain  that  we  are  here  real- 
ly in  the  presence  of  an  example  of  the  use  of  alliteration  as  a 
poetic  device^ 

As  for  the  alliterations  consisting  of  three  or  four  alliterat- 
ing words  and  extending  over  one  verse  line,  no  conclusion 
can  be  drawn  from  the  examples  found  in  the  Roland,  the  total 
amount  being  too  small.    The  same  must  be  said  with  regard 

1.  The  fact  that  the  alliterating  words  are  preferably  placed  at  prom- 
inent parts  of  the  verse  line,  was  noticed  already  by  Kohler,  Ueber  al- 
literierende  Verbindangen,  pp.  100-1:  Auch  scheinen  es  manche  Dichter 
zu  lieben,  die  Caesur  in  ihren  Versen  dadruch  recht  deutlich  hervor- 
treten  zu  lassen,  dass  sie  vor  die  Caesur  und  an  den  Versschluss  allite- 
rierende  Worter  stellten.    But  it  has  never  been  worked  out  fully,  nor  in 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN  59 

to  the  examples  of  more  than  one  alliteration  occurring  in  one 
verse  line. 

Examining  the  alliterations  extending  over  more  than  one 
verse  line,  we  find  that  out  of  243  examples  there  are  59  in 
which  the  alliteration  falls  on  the  same  syllable  in  two  suc- 
cessive verse  lines,  the  percentage  being  then  24.0.  In  five 
cases  the  syllable  in  question  is  the  tenth,  so  that  in  2.0  per 
cent  of  all  cases  alliteration  and  assonance  fall  on  the  same 
syllable  in  two  consecutive  verse  lines. 

Considering  the  alliterations  of  both  poems  with  regard  to 
the  alliterating  letters,  and  grouping  them  in  the  order  of 
their  totals  we  get  the  following  tables: 

1.     Roland 

Total  I  113   I  101   I    85   I  62   I  43   I  54   I  52  I  41   i  38   I  33    


Symbol 

plmjf     |d|k|r|t|v|b|s 

Percentage 

15.4  1  13.8  1  11.6  1  8.5  |  5.9  |  7.4  |  7.1  |  5.6  |  5.2  |  4.5 

Total 

27  1    20  1    14   1    9   1    7  1    6  1    4  1       3        i       1 

Symbol          | 

ts|a     |e     Ij     |g|l|i|n|o|u|ts 

Percentage 

3.7  1    2.7  1    1.9  1  1.0  1  1.2  1    .8  1    .5  |    .4  |    .4  |    .1  |  .1 

2.     Carmen : 

Total 

1  41    1  37    1  26  1      25        |  23   |  22  |  19   | 15   | 13  | 

Symbol 

|m|p     |v|k|r|s|f|t|d|a| 

Percentage 

1  13.8  1  12.5  1  8.8  1  8.4  |  8.4  |  7.7  |  7.4  |  6.4  |  5.1  |  4.4  | 

Total 

|11|9|       7        1       6        1       4        |3|2 

Symbol 

|g|e|i|o|h|l|j|n|b|u 

Percentage        !    3.7  |    3.0  |  2.3  |  2.3  |  2.0  |  2.0  |  1.3  1  1.3  |  1.0 

We  notice  first  that  in  the  Roland  there  are  42,  in  the  Car- 
men 38  vowel  alliterations,  the  percentage  being  5.7  and  12.8 ; 
that  is,  the  proportion  is  more  than  twice  as  large  in  the  Car- 


detail  for  any  definite  poem  of  Old  French  literature.  On  the  other 
hand,  G.  Korting's  statement  in  his  Encyklopaedie  und  Methodologie 
der  Romanischen  Philologie,  Teil  II,  Heilbronn,  1884,  p.  424:  "Die  Ver- 
bindung  der  Vershalften  durch  die  Alliteration  kennt  das  Romanische 
nicht,  es  verwendet  vielmehr  die  Alliteration  nur  gelegentlich  in  rein 
onomatopoietischer  Weise,"  must  be  modified  accordingly. 


60  ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


men  as  in  the  Roland.  This  result  is  not  surprising  since  the 
number  of  vowels  is  much  smaller  in  Latin  than  it  is  in  Old 
French.  Comparing  the  single  sounds,  we  note  that  the  per- 
centage is  the  same  in  both  poems  for  m.  We  also  see  that  the 
eight  sounds  showing  the  highest  totals  are  the  same  in  the 
Chanson  and  in  the  Carmen,  with  the  exception  of  a  in  the 
Roland  and  s  in  the  Carmen.  The  order  of  the  different 
sounds  agrees  in  a  general  way  with  the  result  deduced  by 
RanningerS  except  for  the  sounds  m  and  r,  for  both  of  which 
there  are  numerous  examples  in  the  Roland  and  in  the  Car- 
men, but  which  the  German  scholar  did  not  find  to  be  promi- 
nent in  the  Gallo-Latin  authors. 

To  sum  up  the  results  obtained  in  the  course  of  this  study, 
we  may  say  that  three  main  conclusions  must  be  drawn  from 
the  facts  as  they  have  been  presented : 

1.  With  regard  to  their  origin,  the  alliterations  of  the 
Roland  must  be  divided  into  three  classes:  the  first,  contain- 
ing syntactically  coordinated  alliterating  words,  is  in  large 
part  of  popular  and  traditional  origin.  The  second,  repre- 
senting the  alliterating  personal  proper  names,  comes  from 
a  Teutonic  source,  though  it  is  impossible  to  determine  wheth- 
er this  source  must  be  sought  in  continental  Germanic,  Anglo- 
Saxon  or  Old  Norse  literature,  or  whether  it  is  literary  at  all, 
or  merely  due  to  Norman  tradition.  The  third,  by  far  the 
largest  because  it  comprises  all  the  rest,  goes  back  to  Mediae- 
val Latin  literature,  which  is  certain  to  have  exercised  the 
most  powerful  influence  on  the  Chanson.  In  this  point  the 
result  confirms  the  conclusions  arrived  at  by  Wilhelm  Taver- 
nier.^ 

2.  The  Carmen  de  prodicione  Giienonis  exercised  hardly 
any  influence  upon  the  Roland  with  regard  to  the  form.  The 
percentage  of  its  verses  containing  alliteration  is  3.5  times  as 
large  as  that  of  the  verses  of  the  Roland.  What  is  still  more 
important  is  the  fact  that  the  large  majority  of  the  allitera- 

1.  Ueber  die  Alliteration  bei  den  Gallolateinern,  p.  99. 

2.  cf.  Zeitsch.  f.  franz.  Spr.  u.  Lit.,  XXXVP,  1910,  71,  XXXVIP, 
1911,  83. 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN  61 


tions  found  in  the  Carmen  are  rhetorical  figures,  which  play 
an  entirely  subordinate  part  in  the  Roland.  It  is  impossible 
to  draw  any  conclusions  from  this  comparison  as  to  the  prior- 
ity of  the  Roland  or  the  Carmen;  for  Turoldus  may  have  in- 
tentionally avoided  imitating  the  doubtful  art  of  the  Latin 
poem,  even  if  the  latter  were  his  model  as  far  as  the  contents 
are  concerned. 

3.     Alliteration  in  the  Roland  serves  a  very  definite  pur- 
pose in  the  structure  of  the  epic  verse. 


62 


ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


APPENDIX 

Alphabetical  Index  of  the  Alliterations  of  the  Chanson  de 

Roland^ 


afubler  :  altre  3941 

Aide  :  aler  3723 

altre  :  avison  :  Ais      2555-6 

amont  :  Aspre  1103 

arbre   :  amont  2874 

arme  :  avenant  1154 

asez  :  aveir  :  abez  2955 

aveir  :  ainz  :  a^er  :  arpent 

:  avant  2229-31 

aveir  :  altretant  3021 

ave^r  :  amor  :  altretel  :  aZ^re 

3122-3 


ait  :  aler  1184 

(x^ire  :  aveir  :  atendre  3740-1 
altre      haltement  2597 

aproismer  :  amont  2692 

arcevesque  :  aler  :  aidier 

2169 
asembler  :  Ais  3744 

avant  :  aZer  2858 

aveir  :  aZire  2309 

aveir  :  aZ^re  :  angoissos  822-3 


baisier  :  boche 


1530 


barbe  :  6Za^c 

2334,  2930,  3618,  3712 
6ar?}e   :  blancheier  261 

baston  :  brief  341 

6eZ  :  Baliganz  3201 

fee?  :  6o7i  3047 

bien  :  baron  :  5Za?ic  :  ?>ar5e 

3172-3 


Baliganz  :  baron  :  baston 

2686-7 
6ar6e  :  bZanc  :  bronie  3087-8 

barton  :  &a^re  2588 

bataille  :  blecier  :  blesmir 

589-90 
6eZ  :  Baliganz  :  6o7i  3184-5 
6ie?i  :  baisier  :  boche  632-3 
&ie?z  :  feaire  3739 


1.  Nouns  and  adjectives  have  been  given  in  the  oblique  of  the  singu- 
lar, adjectives  moreover  in  their  masculine  form,  verbs  in  the  infinitive, 
if  the  alliteration  did  not  disappear  thereby.  In  the  latter  case  the  form 
occurring  in  the  text  has  been  chosen.  Proper  names  of  persons  have 
been  put  in  the  nominative.  The  rhetorical  figures  are  not  included  in 
this  list. 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN 


63 


Men  :  batre  :  boston  1825 
blanc  :  barbe  117,  2943,  4001 
blanc  :  bloi  999 

boche  :  buisine  3523 

brandir  :  abatre      1957,  3929 

brochier  :  bien 

1536,  1573,  1944,  2128,  3877 
bronie   :  barbe  3122 


bien  :  brandir  1249 

blanc  :  bel  2250 

blanc  :  bloi  :  baron      1800-1 
bon  :  bel  3064 

brief  :  Babilonie  :  Baliganz 

2613-4 
brochier  :  6ien  :  Boeve  : 

5e/ne  1891-2 

bronie  :  barbe  :  fttouc  :  baron 

1843-4 


Capuels  :  Capadoce  :  clamer 

1614-5 
chameil  :  chargier  645 

champ  :  chevalchier  1338 
Chanelius  :  chevalchier  3269 
chargier  :  charre  :  chareier 

32-3 
Charles  :  chanceler  :  chadir 

3608 
Charles  :  chapele  52 


Charles  :  chier 


3031 


charre  :  charreier  131 

chevalchier  :  champ        3463 
chevalchier  :  chemin  405 


chadir  :  Charlemagnes    3720 

champ  :  Charles  1928 

chancon  :  chanter  1466 

charette  :  chemin  2972 

Charlemagnes  :  chanut 

538,  551 
Charles   :  chanut  2308 

Charles  :  chevalchier 

2454,  3234,  3695 
Charles  :  chier  :  chevalier 

1560-1 
cheval  :  Chernubles  : 

charboncle  1325-6 

chevalchier  :  Charlemagnes 

1842 
chevalchier   :  chief 

3018,  3195 


chevalier  :  chadir             3486 

chevel  :  chaitif 

2596 

chrestien  :  reclamer  :  crider 

chrestien  :  conoissance 

3987 

3998 

clamer  :  coZ^^e 

clamer  :  q'm'^e 

3800 

1132,  2239,  2383 

clamer  :  Qwfie  :  co^i^e      3809 

esclargier  :  coer 

3628 

Clarifans  :  Clariiens        2670 

codart  :  codardie 

1486 

64                               ALLITERATION 

IN  THE  ROLAND 

code  :  crignete                   1494 

coer  :  codarder 

1107 

descolorer  :  cler  :  cors 

colp  :  conoistre 

2875 

1979-80 

colp  :  cuidier  :  cors  :  costet 

colper  :  cort  :  quisse 

:  crope 

1505-6 

:  costet  :  code  :  cru 

mete 

comander  :  conte  3057 

comencier  :  conseil  179 

compwignon  :  cors  : 

contrevaleir  1983-4 

conduire  :  cors  :  col     3370-1 
conte  :  codardise  3531 

conte  :  comander  :  cou 

1816-7 
conte  :  conquerre  :  clamer  : 

colpe  2363-4 

cors  :  cler  :  contenant  3115-6 
cors  :  contenance  3086 

cors  :  costet  1506 

corteis  :  conte  :  creidre  576-7 
recredant  :  recomencier  : 
cni  2063-4 


1491-4 
combatre  :  compaignon  878 
compaignon  :  com  1051 

conduire  :  cors  892 

conquerre  :  Commibles      198 
coTiie   :  codart  2134 

conie   :  combatre  :  cors 

2099-2100 
corre  :  crofe  2580 

cors  :  cZer  :  compaignon 

1159-60 
cors  :  coZor  2895,  3763 

cors  :  contenant  118 

cors  :  quatre  2080 

costet  :  conduire  :  cors  1315-6 
creidre   :  chrestientet      3980 


damage  :  dolor  :  departir 

3479-80 
demener  :  dolor  :  deu  2695-6 

derompier  :  dous  :  desevrer 

3466-7 
desevrer  :  dos  1201 

destre  :  Deu  :  descendre 

2373-4 

destre  :  dire  :  demander 

3845-6 

Z)ezi  :  rfoner    289,  2241,  2938 


demander  :  doicement      1999 

dementir  :  Deu  :  cZire  :  dre/^ 

3890-1 

descendre  :  i?e%  :  benedire 

1136-7 

desrengier  :  destreindre  : 
descendre  809-10 

destre  :  Deu  :  cZoZor      1195-6 


Z)e2t  :  demander 


3980 


Dew  :  doner  :  benedire  :  cZoZ;2; 

2016-7 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN 


65 


Deu  :  dons  :  dreit  3898 

deveir  :  dire  :  dus  242-3 

dire  :  dame  2724 

dire  :  Damnedeu  :  doner  1898 
dire   :  dehet  1047,  1938 

dire  :  demander  3816 

dire  :  destre  47 

dtVe  :  Dezt 

123,  428,  676,  1608,  3993 
dire  :  Deu  :  desmentir  787-8 
cZfre  :  c^mft^e  746,  983 


deveir  :  dire   :  Deu  333-4 

devenir   :  doloros  2722 

dire   :  Damnedeu  3906 

(i^Ve  :  dechedeir  1628 

dire  :  deignier  1716 

d!ire  :  desfaire  450 

dfre  :  destre  :  deit  508-9 
ciire  :  Dett  :  demander  3557-8 

dire  :  Deu  :  dolor  1579 

dire   :  deignier   :  damage 


1715-7 

dire  : 

dolent 

2823 

dire   :  dolor 

3627 

dire  : 

dolor  :  demener  2945-6 

dire  :  dreit 

496-7 

dire  : 

dux 

2944 

dis  :  dolor 

2301 

dolor 

:  damage 

2983 

dolor  :  degret  :  descendre 

2839-40 

dolor 

:  desevrer 

1977 

dolor  :  diable  :  doner  3646-7 

dolor 

:  dire  :  Deu 

1631-2 

pardoner  :  Deu 

2007 

doner 

:  diable 

1502 

dous  :  desaffrer 

3426 

doze  : 

deveir 

1346 

doze  :  dis  :  dou^ 

1308-9 

drecier  :  dolor 

2234 

drodmont  :  dire 

2730 

duire 

:  detordre 

772 

Durendal  :  doner 

:  destre 
2780-1 

dus  : 

don 

247 

eschiele   :  establir            3217  eschiele   :  establir   :  estre 

3068-9,  3237-8 

escut  :  espiet           1799,  3114  esf order  :  eschange        3714 

Espaigne  :  espleitier        2165  Estramariz  :  Eudropins      64 

estreit  :  estre                      356  evesque   :  eue                    3667 

faire  :  felonie  :  faillir  2600-1  faire  :  fier                 897,  1111 

faire  :  fol                          1053  faire   :  forsfaire              2029 

/aire  :  fort  :  fier             2125  /o-fre  :  fosset                     3166 

/o-tVe  :  Franc                       561  /aire  :  Franc                   700-1 

/aire   :  Franceis              807-8  /aire  :  /?^i                          2371 

/aire  :  fust                        1779  faldestoel  :  /aire                 115 


66 


ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


felon  :  faire  844,  3833 

felon  :  ferir  2144 

fer  :  fust  1602,  3154 

ferir  :  Vcdferrede  1370 

ferir  :  forcele  1294 

ferir  :  fraindre  :  fendre 

3603-4,  3926-7 
ferir  :  fraindre  :  flor  1353-4 
ferir  :  France  :  fraindre  : 

refiamher  3615-6 

ferir  :  Franceis  :  froissier  : 

forMr  3481-2 

afichier  :  fut  :  fort   :  fin 

3393-5 
fil  :  fredre  2420 

fil  :  fut  2744-5 

Flariieng   :  Frisie  3069 

fo'ir  :  Franc  2844 

fort  :  ^er  1879 

/oit  :  flambe  2535 
fraindre  :  desconfire 

1247,  1305 

France  :  ferir  1210-1 

Franceis   :  /a^Ve  278 

Franceis  :  felon  1190-1 


Franceis  :  ferir  :  /oZ    1438-9 
Franceis  :  /o2r  :  faire  1255-6 


Franceis  :  /?^5 
fredre  :  faillir 

front  :  faire 
fut  :  /erfr 
/2(i   :  fort 


1604 
1866 

3919 

439-40 

2278,  3382 


felon  :  fer  3735 

felon  :  ferir  :  forbir      1924-5 
ferir  :  faire  1185 

ferir  :  force  :  fraindre 

1618-9 
ferir  :  fou  :  faire        3916-7 
ferir  :  fraindre  :  desconfire  : 
fort  1304-6 

ferir  :  Franc  1234 

/enV  :  Franceis       1259,  1937 

/eHr  :  /^ti  :  froissier    2288-9 

fier  :  /a«7Z{r  3133 

fil  :  fredre  :  furent      3411-2 
flamheios  :  /aire  :  Franceis  : 
/eZo?i  1022-4 

flor  :  faire  1856 

/orce   :  Franc  1660 

/ori  :  freit  1118 

fraindre  :  fendre    3604,  3927 
Franc  :  felon  :  ferir    3558-9 

France  :  flor  2431 

Franceis   :  desfaire  49 

Franceis   :  ferir 

454,  1080,  1347,  1416,  1652, 
1654,  1662,  1939,  3203 
Franceis  :  France  :  florir 
Franceis  :  florir  969-70 

Franceis   :  foir  :  faillir 

1047-8 
Franceis   :  fustes  2475 

fredre  :  faire  :  comfaitement 

1698-9 
M^es  :  /iZ  2208 

/iii  :  reflamber  1002-3 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN 


67 


Gabriels  :  guarder 


2847 


Gerins  :  Geriers 

174,  2186,  2404 
grant  :  guerre  242 

riedreguarde  :  grant         883 
Guenles  :  grant  3969 


Gefreiz  :  Gerins  :  Geriers 

106-7 
Gefreiz  :  Jozerans  3535 

firiwi^^  :  gfrani  2549 

guarder  :  gloton     1230,  1251 


fl^iiT?^  :  Hongre 


3254 


«Va^  :  zfawi  2734 

ior?i  :  ajorner  2147 

lander   :  laissier  2154 

^oc^er  :  legerie  206 

Zt^Tie   :  Mre  2512 


isnelement  :  issir  2766 

Zeon  :  leupart  1111 

Zone  :  Zarc  2852 


Machiners  :  Maheus 

Malbiens 
magne  :  dementir 
maile  :  menut 
major  :  metre 
mal  :  molt  :  Marie 
Malprivies  :  molt 
malvaisement  :  mielz 

mander  :  Marsilies  : 


66-7 

1404 

1329 

1532 

1472-3 

3176 

:  morir 

1517-8 

main 

222-3 


magne  :  mar  1949 

magne  :  muder  841 

main  :  comander  696 

major  :  molt  1784 

mal  :  moi  1190 

Malquidanz  :  Malcuz  1594 

mander  :  Marsilies  680 

mander  :  Marsilies  :  i??oZ/: 

125-6 


mander  :  mercit 

mar  :  Marsilies 
Marbrise  :  Marbrose 

Margariz  :  moZ^ 

Marsilies  :  marchiet 
Marsilies  :  7721 


239     comander  :  M^7es  :  marchis 

2970-1 
196    marbre  :  metre  2966 

2641     Val-Marchis  :  Malprimes  : 


mercit 


3208-9 


1131    Marsilies  :  mander  :  morir 

2770-1 


1150    Marsilies 
1449     Marsilies 


martirie 
molt 


1467 
201 


68 


ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


Marsilies  :  molt  :  mer cider  _ 

'  908 
Marsilies  :  muder  441 

Mars  one  :  morir  :  Malpalins : 

molt  2994-6 

meillor  :  mener  502 

mer  :  Marbrise  :  Marbrose  : 

a7nont  2640-2 

message  :  mander  3699 

message  :  molt  :  Marsilies  : 
molt  143-4 

messe  :  moZ^  :  metre  : 

mostier  3860-1 

TTietre  :  main  443 


metre  :  more 

1285,  1539 

metre  :  morir  :  \ 

m-o'f 

2934-5 

mielz  :  mesure  : 

morir 

1725-6 

mi7  :  mangcfn 

1570 

milie   :  meillor 

3085 

milie  :  metre 

1115 

moillier  :  Bramimonde 

: 

molt 

2576-7 

molt  :  malement 

2106 

molt  :  merveillos 

2466 

molt  :  Monjoie 

3300 

amonter  :  mwZe 

3943 

monter  :  mwZ 

2811 

more  :  mercit  : 

manovrer 

2505-6 

Marsilies  :  trametre  :  mes- 

sagre  :  masse  181-2 

7?2cih*7i  :  messe  163-4,  669-70 
meillor  :  mil  :  mangon  620-1 
merveillos  :  menor  :  m^Zie 

3218-9 
message  :  main  :  7'/.'onf  418-9 

message  :  mantel  :  monter 

2707-8 
message  :  monter  2765 

mesure   :  medisme  :  wioi!^ 

1035-6 
metre   :  monter   :  message   : 
main  91-3 

metre  :  morir  :  mil  1306-7 
mie  :  mer  2635 

mieZ^;  :  morir 

359,  1091,  1701,  2336,  2738 
mz7  :  mudier  :  mwZ  31-2 

m^Z^e   :  menede  1454 

mzh'e  :  moi  410-1 

moZ^  :  ma?  886 


moZi  :  medisme 
molt  :  merveillier 
monie  :  mostier 
monter  :  Marcules 

mordre  :  maZ 
morir  :  demander 

morir  :  Marsilies  : 


morir   :  Marsilies 


molt 
437-8 


1483-4 

537 

1881 

:  mer 

3155-6 

727 

moZ^ 

3713-4 
mar 
1730-1 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN                                        69 

morir  :  merveillos  :  amener 

morir  :  mercit                  3721 

3963-4 

morir  :  message  :  Marsilies 

morir  :  milie                    3530 

3772-3 

morir  :  violt  1690,  2010,  2232 

morir  :  millier                   1439 

morir  :  mot  :  marchis  2030-1 

morir  :  monter                 227-8 

mot  :  mie                          2087 

mortel  :  mielz  :  morir  3908-9 

mot   :  monter                   2457 

7?ioi   :  ?>io?i                          2597 

muder   :  medisme   :  metre    : 

mo^  :  monter  :  magne  3621-2 

mercit                         2381-3 

mul  :  malvais                  480-1 

mitZ  :  Marsilies  :  mander 

847-8 

mitZe   :  amener  :  Marsilies 

89 

nevoiti  :  nam                   1188 

Nigra  :  noefme                 3229 

on^  :  orgoeil                      1941 

ovrir  :  oe^7                         2285 

paien   :  pasmer  1348 

paiew  :  plaisir  :  porter  3537-8 


paien 
paien 
paien 

paien 


poder  61,  537 

port  :  plevir      1057-8 
Preciose  :  perte 

3298-9 
prodome  3264 

pais  :  paien  :  apres  enter 

3596-7 
parenz  :  prof  :  2)Zem    2905-6 
parler  :  Pinabels   :  plaisir   : 
parentet  3905-7 

parf  :  Pinabels  :  per  361-2 
pasmer  :  plusor  :  prof  2422-3 
palmer  :  pres  2270 

passer  :  porfe   :  ponf      2690 

pecchiet  :  poroffrir  2365 

empeindre  :  passer  :  plein  : 

place  1272-3 


paien  :  plenier  :  perdre  :  phis 

3400-2 
paien  :  poz  1940 

pa.ie?i  :  Preciose  3471 

paien  :  presse   :  prodome 

1543-4 


ovnV  :  oez7 


2285 


parler  :  padrastre  :  put  762-3 
pari  :  pai'e^i    940,  1562,  1613 


parf  :  poder 
pas7ner  :  pitiet 

prendre 
pasmer  :  poder 
passer  :  port 


2034 

plorer  : 

3724-6 

2891 

790 


passer  :  pui  :  phts 


parfont 
3125-6 


pendre  :  parenz  :  plaidier 


70 


ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


per  :  parejiz                      1421 

3932-3 

per  :  prendre  :  pesance              per 

:  perdre 

937 

3710-1     per 

:  preier 

2261 

perdre  :  peil  :  empleir  1012-3 

perdre  :  piet 


3720 


pers  :  pale  1979 

petit  :  pas  :  poder  2227-8 

piet  :  poder  1218 

2)2e^  :  poder  :  paten  3167-8 

piet   :  presenter  3792 

pitet  :  poder  :  plorer  2873 


pitiet  :  plorer 


2419 


pZa.^■e  :  pan  :  p^;<;  2173-4 

29Za^i  :  preier  3799 

29Zem  :  piet  :  paien  2400-1 
plorer  :  plaindre  2915,  3722 
plus  :  Piedres  921 

pZzts  :  poder  :  pui  2868-9 
poder  :  paien  :  parfondement 

973-4 
poder  :  plorer 

nS,  841,  2193,  2381 
poder  :  poldros  :  paienor 

2426-7 
poder  :  preisier  1683 

podestet  :  prendre  477 

poign  :  depecier  837 

Poillain  :  Palerne  2923 

porprendre   :  2?ari  3332 

2:>or^  :  passer  944,  1766,  2772 
porter  :  paredis  2396 

prametre  :  prendre  1519 

paien  :  perie  568 


perdre  :  per  :  parenz  :  port 

1420-2 
perdre  :  2?Zai^  :  pendre  : 

parenz  1408-10 

pesme  :  perdre  :  per  2147 
2946^  :  pZem  :  prendre  2878-9 
pie'f  :  po^'gr^  1969 

Pinabels   :  plaisir   :  parentet 

3906 
2)fief  :  prendre  :  poder 

plorer  825 

pZe^re  :  2>Za.zi  :  parenz  :  plevir 

:  Pinabels  3846-7 

plaindre   :  poder  1695 

plorer  :  pitiet  1749 

2)^2^5  :  paien  :  prendre  853-4 
29Zws  :  poder  2735 

pliisors   :  prendre  2377 

poder  :  paw-  :  pa^s        3206-7 

poder   :  plorer   :  preier 

2517-8 
poder  :  29^ii^  1037 

poder  :  2?or;t  :  passage  657 
poign  :  paien  484 

poign  :  perdre  2719,  2795 
poindre  :  Malprimes  :  phis  : 

29iei  889-90 

pori  :  passage  741 

2:)orf  :  passer  :  plevir  1703-4 
porter  :  plusors   :  peindre   : 

plorer  2593-5 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN 


71 


preier  :  paredis      2016,  2241 

preier  :  porpenser  1177 

premier  :  parler  2656 

prendre  :  peceier  97 

prendre  :  Pine  199 

prendre'  :  podestet  434 

prendre  :  p^t*  491 

pres   :  poder  1992 

presse   :  25Zits  2090 

pro^  :  por^  ;  perdre  1209-10 


preier   :  pecchiet  1882 

premerains  :  parler  122 

premier  :  Malprose  3253 

2)rendre   :  29m  2884 

prendre  :  plein  :  pabne  : 

plus  3606 

prendre  :  poign  2829-30 

prendre  :  pui  :  enprendre 

209-10 
presse  :  paien  :  piet  2070-1 
prot  :  plevir  507 

pulcele  :  pitet  :  plorer    821-2 


quinze  :  col  1323     ^m'^e  :  clamer 

quite  :  clamer  :  comencier 

2787-8 


2748 


raison  :  rendre 


3784 


rapeler  :  retorner  1912 

reclamer  :  Rome  2998 

rei  :  revenir  2892 

rei  :  Rodlanz  :  recevoir    782 
reluire  :  reflamber  2317 

Rencesval   :  repaidrier    2483 
Rencesval  :  Rodlanz  923 

rendre  :  recredant  2733 

repentir  :  Rodlanz  :  rendre  : 
respondre  3011-3 

respondre   :  rei  249 


respondre   :  Rodlanz  :  rei 

1008-9 
retorner  :  respondre  : 

Rodlanz  1072-3 

ndre  :  Rodlanz  303 


rendre  :  recredant  2733 

repaidrier  :  rei  2133 

raison  :  Rodlanz  :  regnet 

2863-4 
reclamer  :  Rodlanz  2044 

regne  :  rei  3408 

rei   :  Rodlanz  1768 

Reins  :  renc  :  rei  264-5 

repaidrier  :  rei  2133 

repaidrier  :  remembrance 

3614 
resailir  :  Rodlanz  : 

reguarder  2085-6 

respondre  :  Rodlanz 

254,  292,  1053,  1062,  1088 

1106,  1394,  1591,  1752,  2006 
respondre  :  Rodlanz  : 

recomencier  1883-4 

n'c/ie  :  rei  :  recredant 

527-8,  542-3,  555-6 
riedreguarde  :  respondre  : 

Rodlanz  142-3 


72 


ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


riedreguarder  :  Rodlanz 


riedreguarde   :  Rodlanz 


remaneir                      2774-5 

Hc/^e 

584-5 

Rodlanz 

:  recerchier        2200 

Rodlanz  :  receveir  1376, 

1922 

Rodlanz 

:  reguarder 

Rodlanz  :  remaneir 

1851,  1978 

2163, 

3719 

Rodlanz 

:  repaidrier        1869 

Rodlanz  :  respondre 

1026 

Rodlanz  : 

:  riche '               2720 

Rodlanz  :  ridre 

302 

Rodlanz  : 

:  riedreguarde 

656,  761 

saae   :  sa 

rcou  :  seignor  : 

saint  :  Senz 

1428 

saiwif  3691-3 

saint  :  serez  :  sedeir  1522-3 

sals  :  seiez  :  saint  416-7 

Sarragoce  :  saveir  310 

Sarrazin  :  soffrir  1658 


saveir  :  sei^ 
seignor  :  sam^ 

seignor  :  saveir 


234 
2347 

1146 

1117 


seignor  :  soffrir 

siste  :  sedme  :  Samuels 

3243-4 
soTier  :  saveir  3136 

son^  :  osoils   :  seignier 

1140-1 
sonf  :  sosduiant  :  seignor 

942-3 
sorvivre  :  Sarragoce  : 

socorre  2616-7 


sai?2i  :  Silvestre  3746 

saZver  :  seie^      123,  416,  676 
Sarragoce   :  soner  852 

Sarrazin  :  sonit  :  asemhler 

1030-1 
sedeir  :  semondre  251 

seignor  :  Sarrazin  : 

Sarragoce  252-3 

seignor  :  saveir  :  servir 

3824-5 
seignor  :  servir  863 

sepi  :  soner  1454 

soZei?  :  sedeir  :  Saltperdut 

1596-7 
sowi  :  saffrer  3141 

son^  :  soTier  3263 

Sorbre  :  Sor^  :  s^'sie    3226-7 


toni  :  iere  ^an^  :  ^ere  :  iemV        2306-8 

76,  1694,  2307,  2378 

iawi  :  iere  :  travaillier      540  iawi  :  iere  :  trenchier    553-4 

torif  :  irobZer  1991  ton^  :  io^  285,  349-50 

^eZ  :  frewfe  1410  ieZ  :  trover  2092 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN 


73 


atendre  :  treilt  :  tere  665-6 
tendre  :  trover  :  tres  _  780-1 
tenir  :  tere  :  tant  2332-3 
tenir  :  trenchier  :  taillier 

1339 
tere  :  trestorner  2587 

Valterne  :  tere  199 

teste  :  torner  :  tot  2011-2 
torner  :  tenebros  2896 

torner  :  tot  2184 

tot  :  tabor  3137 

tot  :  iem>  409 

tot  :  teste  :  trenchier  1371-2 
tot  :  trametre  1608 

tot  :  trover  2953 

trenchier  :  teste  1586,  1956 
trenchier  :  tres  1506 

ires^o^  :  tere  2020 

^ro2^  :  maltalant  327 

trover  :  femr  :  ^oi       2445-6 

vaillant  :  vertuos  :  vassal 

1636-7 
vaii  :  Valerie  :  Viviers 

1625-6 
vai^  :  vasselage  3447 

t'aZor  :  voleir  :  vaignet 

1090-1 
vanter  :  vaillant  2861 

vassal  :  vestir  :  vedeir  3532-3 
vedeir  :  vasselage  2981 

vedeir  :  venir 

1019,  1021,  2124,  2558 
vedeir  :  vespre  :  vert  2447-8 
vedeir  :  vont  8687 

veintre  :  vassal  :  vif    2087-8 


tendre  :  ^re/  159 

ienir  :  iere  956 

iemV  :  Maltet  :  tinel  3152-3 

tens  :  tenir  :  tel  2310-1 


Tervagant  :  toldre  2589 

Tiedris  :  tenir  :  tot      3896-7 
torner  :  teste  2360 

Torgis  :  Tortelose  1282 

ioi  :  talant  :  iere  400-1 

io^  :  fens  1858,  2244 

tot  :  toldre  236 

^0^  :  trenchier  1299 

travers  :  Turc  :  tierce 

3239-40 
trenchier  :  ies^e  :  ^oi  3617-8 
fren^e  :  iosf  3217 

itrofs  :  teste  935 

irop  :  tens  1841 


'yci2r  :  visage 
vait  :  Valterne 


283 
1291 


Valfoit  :  venir  3239 

Val-Tenebre  :  vont  2461 

vassal  :  vedeir        1694,  1857 

vedeir  :  vent  2533 

vedeir  :  voleir  3404 

ijeie  :  vedeir  :  veirement  : 

visage  1638-40 

veintre  :  voleir  :  val    2042-3 
venir  :  vedeir  2746 


74 

ALLITERATION 

IN  THE 

ROLAND 

venir  : 

valede 

1449 

venir 

:  veltre 

2563 

venir  : 

:  vedeir  : 

veirement  __ 

953 

venir 

:  vieil 

797-8 

venir  ; 

:  vengier 

1744 

vert  : 

vedeir 

2876 

venir  : 

:  voleir 

2974 

vint  : 

vaillant 

789 

vertut 

:  vait 

1551,  3878 

voleir 

:  vaignet 

1091 

voleir 

:  voleir 

:  vertuose- 

voleir  :  veintre  3609 

voleir  :  vengier  :  vait  1873-4 
voleir  :  devenir  155 

vont  :  vol  2472 


ment  1643-4 

voleir  :  veirement  2361 

voleir  :  venir  2103 

voleir  :  vivre  2936 


ymage  :  ydele 


3664     Yvorie   :  Ivon 


1895 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN 


75 


Alphabetical   Index  of  the  Alliterations  of  the   Carmen  de 
prodicione  Guenonis^ 


accipere   :  adire  178 

agere  :  audire  :  agnoscere 

375-6 
Anseus  :  acer  317 

audire  :  arma  293 


adniti  :  asper 
animus  :  arma 


457 
243 


aspectus  :  auris  :  arduus  339 


caput  :  cassis  :  clipeus  245 
caro  :  cog  ere  318 

causa  :  comperire  376-7 

cedes  :  cor  :  cruentu^  322-3 
clavus  :  ceZer  :  cursus  343-4 
corpus  :  cec^cs  452-3 

credere  :  comu  :  capere 

curare  459-60 

crws  :  circumquaque  :  corpus 

448-9 


conamen  :  cruor  373-4 
cf^o  382 

cupido  :  cunctus 

165-6 

certamen  431 

:  condicio  262 

crws  :  cavus        340-1 

Karolus  :  clavis 

172-3 
C2irci  :  colligere  :  considere 

199-200 


caput 
causa 
cecus 

celer 
cogere 
costa  : 
credere 


dampnus  :  redire  :  diffugere  dare  :  dampnus  391 

:  ducere  430-1 

dare  :  dicere                         35  decies  :  diio  :  dare  103-4 

decus  :  dignus  :  decens        8  dimidiare  :  decern  291-2 

doZits  :  dicere                     28-9  donare  :  dare  153 
d2tic   :  deczts                         466 


equus  :  equxire 
extasis   :  exhinc 


344     eripere  :  equus 
439 


480 


1.  Nouns  and  adjectives  have  been  quoted  in  the  nominative  singular, 
adjectives  in  their  masculine  form,  verbs  in  the  infinitive,  if  the  alliter- 
ation did  not  disappear  thereby.  The  rhetorical  figures  have,  as  a  rule, 
not  been  considered  in  this  list. 


76 


ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


fama  :  fuisse                       465  ferire  :  fenis  138 

ferire  :  feriis  :  ferox      263-4  ferire  :  fugare  :  ferus  348 

fluere  :  festinare  :  fremere  fors   :  fertis   :  fugare   : 

282-3         ferire  305 


fug  ere  :  ferire 


396-7    fuisse  :  feru^ 


furor  :  feritas  :  ferre       50-1     /wror  :  ftectere 


gens  :  gloria 
gravis  :  gens 


472     Gero  :  Gerinu^ 
274-5     gravis  :  gemitus 


hostis  :  haut  :  hunc       223-5 


324 
59-60 

241,  267 
312 


iam  :  iacere  259 

instare  :  ingens  271-2 

iudex  :  iubere  39 

Karolus  :  carii^s  :  cor        145 
Karolu^  :  clipeus  : 

contemptor  3-4 

latitare   :  latens  247 

legatus  :  lex  31 

magis  :  minitare  10-11 

remanere  :  manus  256 

Mars  :  Marsilius  :  mon  383-4 
Mars  :  mors  :  mestus  : 

magis  363-4 

Marsilius  :  Mars  :  mens 

329-30 
mediocer  :  minimus        477-8 


metv^  :  mors 
mi^Ze  :  Mars 


426 
350-1 


inquit  :  ito  235 

instimulare  :  incessans  : 
abire  :  ira  :  intrare      84-7 


Karolus  :  clavis 


173 


mmart  :  magis  :  nfiunus  : 


ledere  :  latere  :  locare    306-7 
letificare  :  legatus  175 

rnajor  :  minari  289 

manus   :  m/imire  246 

Mars  :  minari  :  manere  233-5 

Mars  :  mors  :  m?7?e      229-30 

meare  :  mirari  178-9 

??iens  :  magnus  :  minis  : 

mirificare  :  maxi'tnu^  6-8 
micare  :  magis  :  mane  : 

magnificare  93-4 

miZ/e  :  metus  :  mirari  : 

Marsilius  104-6 

minor  :  magis  270-1 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN 


77 


mens  :  movere  158-60 

minor  :  mox  38-9 

mirus  :  mittere  :  modo  285-6 
monere  :  remanere  : 


Minerva 
mori  :  metuere 

mors  :  minor  : 

mox  :  mori 
multus  :  minari 

mine  :  nullus 


56-7 
:  remanere 

434-5 
remanere 

394-5 

309 

43 

128 


mirari  :  mors 
minis  :  movere 
mori  :  magis 


mors 


Mars 


mos  :  mox  :  Mars 


multus 
multus 


magis 
mori 


469-70 

Mars  302-3 

454-5 

313 

273-4 

99-100 
239-40 


obesse  :  obire  :  Oliverus  obliquu^  :  Oliverus  397 

306-7 
omnis  :  opiis  :  optimus  234-7     optare  :  omnis  231-2 


parare  :  pavor  :  parum  : 

priyyius  :  procul :  prope  76-8 
parere  :  parare  61,  64 

2>a.rs  :  pedes  :  parare    209-11 
pater  :  perdere  :  prevenire 

391-3 
patricius  :  procer  :  pedes  473 

perdere  :  pax  21 -S 

pes  :  proh  :  pudor  :  perire  : 

plus  415-7 

pinu^  :  placere  :  pars       90-1 

posse  :  pauci  :  pugnare  326-7 
posse  :  precipere  32-3 

prostremus  :  plenus  :  post 

400-1 

prelium  :  posse  :  2)a^^      388 

presignum  :  prestare  :  p^^f^  * 

potens  5-6 


parcere  :  prosternere    349-50 

parere  :  parcere  127 

passus  :  precipitare  310 
patere  :  procedere  :  reputare 

:  posse  223-4 
peTio.  :  proximus  : 

primordium  346-7 

perire  :  par  260 

petere  :  passus  457 

plurimi  :  pravus   :  posse   : 

plangere  356-7 

posse  :  perdere  :  plures  120-1 
posse   :  pro7na  470-1 

prelium  :  par  :  pZa^fo.    359-60 

prefnium  :  polliceri  220 

primus  :  putare  432 


78 


ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


prius  :  par  are  :  proper  are  prius  :  passus  :  passim      321 

231-2 
probare  :  prius  :  posse  239-40     probus  :  pedes  :  pectus  : 

pilufin  422-3 

prolixus  :  perlargus  :  pes  :         pudere  :  perpes  :  obprobrium 

pectus  340-1  366-8 


ratus  :  rex 


248-9     redire  :  rex  :  ratus      179-80 


referre  :  rex  :  retro       190-2     '^ex  :  ratio  :  robor  284-5 


rex  :  redire 

rex  :  remotus 
rex  :  retinere 
Rollandu^  :  referre 


19-20     ^6.T  :  remanere  :  Rollandu^  : 

rue7'e  256-7 

67-8     ^6^  •  reperire  :  retro       87-8 

292     ^ex  :  rogus  13-4 

453     Rollandus  :  rex  151,  205 


Rollandus  :  ruere      265,  278 


satis  :  solu^  471 

scelus  :  sedicio  377 

scopidus  :  supplex  457-8 

seducere  :  sedicio  :  solvere 

219-20 
simul  :  summus  476-7 

5ma  :  insidiae  73 

species  :  solus  140 

store  :  studere  82 


scandere  :  scopidus  212 

scire  :  submonere  382 

sedere  :  sinister  91 

sexaginta  :  superesse  359 

singidus  :  sufficere  337-8 

soZzts   :  similis  350-1 

store  :  secare  427 

summa  :  superstes  328 


tentorium  :  turma  191  tantus  : 

tergum  :  timere  :  talis  300-1  tercius 

timer e  :  terrere  80-1  terrere 

tot  :  tantus  331  timidus 

totus  :  ^w^ws  :  Turpinus  :  turba  : 

timere  295-6 

Turpinus  :  ^2t^2(^  335-6 


tumere 
Turpinus 
:  ti7nor 


45-6 
420-1 
213-5 

280 


turma  :  timere  264-6 


urgere  :  i^rbs 
venia  :  vox 


125-6 

458     vestis  :  vicis 


98-9 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN                                        79 

vexare  :  vallum 

213 

videre  :  victor  :  vindex  :  vir 

315-7 

videre  :  vir  :  vallmn 

221-2 

vincere   :  velle                  59-60 

vincere  :  virtits 

237 

vir  :  viduare  :  vix          358-9 

vir  :  vincere 

304 

vir  :  revocare  :  victoria    297 

vivere  :  videre 

455-6 

vix   :  volvere                   446-7 

votum  :  videre 

52-3 

vox  :  venia  :  venialis    413-4 

vtdmcs  :  vir 

384-5 

vulnus   :  vir  :  velut  :  videre 
:  vigor                          401-4 

vulnus  :  vir  :  advenire  428-9 


80  ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


I.    Texts: 


T.  Atkinson  Jenkins,  The  Song  of  Roland  (Oxford  Version),  D.  C.  Heath 

&  Co.,  forthcoming. 
G.  Paris,  Le  Carmen  de  prodicione  Guenonis,  Rom.  XI,  1882,  p.  465. 
F.  J.  Mone,  Lateinische  Hymnen  des  Mittelalters,  Freiburg  i.  Br.,  1853-5. 
H.  A.  Daniel,  Thesaurus  hymnologicus,  Lipsiae,  1855-6. 
P.  Gall  Morel,  Lateinische  Hymnen  des  Mittelalters,  Einsiedeln,  1868. 
Joseph  Kehrein,  Lateinische  Sequenzen  des  Mittelalters,  Mainz,  1873. 
Sidonius   Apollinaris,   Carmina,   Mon.    Germ.   Hist.    Auct.    antiqu,   VIII. 
Sancti  Aldhelmi  Opera  quae  extant,  ed.  J.  A.  Giles,  Oxford,  1844. 
Walafried    Strabo,   Vita   S.   Mammae   Monachi,   Migne,   Patrol,   lat.,   t. 

CXIV,  1051. 
Milo  of  St.  Amand,  Vita  S.  Amandi,  Acta  Sanct.  Bolland,  ed.  Renschen, 

Februarii  Tomus  I,  p.  884. 
Heiric  of  Auxerre,  Vita  S.  Germani,  Acta  Sanct.  Bolland.,  Julii  Tomus 

VII,  p.  238. 
Arnulfus,  Delicie  cleri,  Romanische  Forschungen,  II,  243. 
Roger  of  Bee,  De  contemptu  mundi,  Migne,  Patrol,  lat.,  t.  CLVIII,  c.  690. 

II.     Critical  Works: 

A.     On  Latin  Alliteration: 

A.  F.  Naeke,  De  allitteratione  sermonis  latini,  Rheinisches  Museum,  1829, 

324. 
J.  Maehly,  Ueber  Alliteration,  Neues  schiueizerisches  Museum,  1864,  207. 
E.  Loch,  De  usu  allitterationis  apud  poetas  Latinos,  Halle,  1865. 
Karl  Bartsch,  Die  lateinischen  Sequenzen  des  Mittelalters,  Rostock,  1868. 
R.  Klotz,  Alliteration  und  Sytnmetrie  bei  Plautus,  Zittau,  1876. 
J.  Huemer,   Ueber  die  dltesten  lateinisch-christlichen  Rhythmen,   Wien, 

1879. 
H.  Jordan,  Kritische  Beitrdge  zur  Geschichte  der  lateinischen  Sprache, 

Berlin,  1879. 
C.  Ziwsa,  Die  eurythmische  Technik  des  Catullus,  Wien,  1879. 
A.  Ebert,  Allgemeine  Geschichte  der  Literatur  des  Mittelalters  im  Abend- 

lande.  Band  I^,  Leipzig,  1889,  II,  1880,  III,  1887. 
E.    Wolfflin,    Ueber   die    alliterierenden    Verbindungen    der    lateinischen 

Sprache,  Sitzungsberichte  der  konigl.  bayer.    Akademie  der  Wissen- 

schaften,  philosophisch-philologische  Classe,  1881,  II,  1. 
E.  Wolfflin,  Die  Gemination  im  Lateinischen,  ibid.  1882,  422. 
W.  Ebrard,  Die  Alliteration  in  der  lateinischen  Sprache,  Bayreuth,  1882. 
L.  Buchold,  De  paramoeoseos  (adlitterationis)  apud  veteres  Romanorum 

poetas  usu,  Leipzig,  1883. 


AND  IN  THE  CARMEN  81 


C.  Boetticher,  De  alliterationis  apud  Romanos  vi  et  usu,  Berlin,  1884. 
J.  Bintz,  Beitrdge  zum  gehrauche  der  alliteration  bei  den  roniiscken  pro- 

saikern,  Philologus,  XXXXIIII,  1885,  262. 
E.  Wolfflin,  Zur  Alliteration  und  zum  Reine,  Archiv  f.  lat.  Lexikogra- 

phie  u.  Gravimatik,  III,  1886,  443. 
M.  Kawczynski,  Essai  comparatif  sur  I'origine  et  Vhistoire  des  rythmes, 

Paris,  1889. 

E.  Wolfflin,  Eine  Alliteration  Caesars,  Archiv  f.  lat.  Lexikographie  u. 

Grammatik,  VII,  1892,  568. 
G.  Grober,  Uebersicht  iiber  die  lateinische  Literatur,  Grobers  Grundriss, 
II,  1,  Strassburg,  1902,  p.  97. 

F.  Ranninger,   Ueber  die  Alliteration   bei  den  Gallolateinern,   Gymnas. 

Progr.,  Landau,  1895.  cf.  Zeitschr.  f.  franz.  Spr.  u.  Lit.  XVIIP,  1896, 
2Q;Zeitsch.  f.  rom.  Phil.  XX,  1896,  538;  Rom.  XXVI,  1897,  143. 

E.  Wolfflin,  Zur  Alliteration,  Archiv  f.  lat.  Lexikographie  IX,  1896,  567. 

E.  Wolfflin,  Zur  Alliteration,  Melanges  Boissier,  Paris,  1903,  461. 

Wilhelm  Meyer,  Gesammelte  Abhandlungen  zur  mittellateinischen  Rhyth- 
mik,  Berlin,  1905. 

G.  M.    Dreves,   Hymnologische   Studien   zu   Venentius   Fortunatus   und 

Rabanus  Muurus,  Miinchen,  1908. 

B.     On   Romance   Alliteration: 

A.   Fuchs,  Die  romanischen  Sprachen  in  ihreni  Verhdltnis  zum  Latei- 

nischen,  Halle,  1849. 
Goldbeck,   Beitrdge  zur  Altfranzosischen  Lexikographie,   Progr.   d.   Lu- 

isenschule,  Berlin,  1872. 
C.   Michaelis,  Studien  zur  Romanischen   Wortschopfuyig,   Leipzig,   1875, 

25,  Anm.  1. 
Becq  de  Fouquieres,  Traite  general  de  versification  franqaise,  Paris,  1879. 
Paul  Meyer,  De  V alliteration  en  roman  de  France,  Rom.  XI,  1882,  572. 
G.    Grober,   Altfranzdsische   Alliterationen,   Zeitschr.   f.   rom.   Phil.   VI, 

1882,  467. 

E.  J.   Groth,  Vergleich  zivischen  der  Rhetorik  im  altfranzosischen  Ro- 

landslied  und  in  Karls  Pilgerfahrt,  Herrigs  Archiv,  LXIX,  1883,  391. 
Pic  Rajna,  Le  origini  delV epopea  francese,  Firenze,  1884. 
K.  Nyrop,  Storia  dell'epopea  francese,  transl.  E.  Gorra,  Torino,  1888. 
W.  Riese,  Alliterierender  Gleichklang  in  der  franzdsischen  Sprache  alter 

und  neuer  Zeit,  Halle,  1888;  cf.  A.  Mussafia,  Lit.  bl.  f.  germ.  u.  rom. 

Phil.,  X,  1889,  171. 
M.   Kohler,    Ueber  alliterierende   Verbindungen  in   der   altfranzosischen 

Literatur,  Zeitschr.  f.  franz.  Spr.  u.  Lit.  XII^,  1890,  90. 

F.  Kriete,  Die  Alliteration  in  der  italienischen  Sprache,  Halle,  1893. 

E.  Stengel,  Romanische  Verslehre,  Grobers  Grundiss,  II,  1,  Strassburg, 
1902,  p.  1. 


82  ALLITERATION  IN  THE  ROLAND 


R.   L.   Taylor,  Alliteration  in  Italian,  New  Haven,   1900;    cf.   Giornale 

storico  della  let.  ital.  XXXIX,  366. 
F.  Koehler,  Die  Alliteration  bei  Ronsard,  Erlangen  u.  Leipzig,  1901. 
C.-M.  Savarit,  Les  lois  de  V allitteration  et  de  Vassonance,  semi-allitte- 

ration  et  semi-assonance,  Mercure  de  France,  Fevr.  1908,  430. 
M.  Scholz,  Die  Alliteration  in  der  altprovenzalischen  Lyrik,  Zeitschr.  f. 

rom.  Phil.  XXXVII,  1913,  385,  XXXVIII,  1914-5,  76,  193,  311. 

C.     On  Teutonic  Alliteration: 

K.  Weinhold,  Altnordisches  Leben,  Berlin,  1856. 

Ludwig  Uhland,  Schriften  zur  Geschichte  der  Dichtung  und  Sage,  Band 

I,  Stuttgart,  1865. 
H.  Oertel,  Hildebrand's  Theory  on  Alliteration,  Mod.  Lang.  Notes,  VII, 

1892,  287. 
E.  B.  Setzler,  Anglo-Saxon  Versification,  Baltimore,  1904. 
E.   Sievers,  Altgermanische  Metrik,  Pauls  Grundiss,  II,  2,   Strassburg, 

1905. 
W.  Kalbow,  Die  germanischen  Personennamen  des  altfranzosischen  Hel- 

denepos,  Halle,  1913. 

D.     Critical  Works  on  the  Chanson  de  Roland  and  the  Carmen 
de  prodicione  Guenonis  in  general: 

L.  Jordan,  Roland  und  Olivier,  Romanische  Forschungen,  XVI,  1904,  637. 

Wilhelm  Tavernier,  Beitrdge  zur  Rolands forschung,  Zeitschr.  f.  franz. 
Spr.  u.  Lit.  XXXVIi,  1910,  71;  XXXVIP,  1911,  83;  XXXVIIP, 
1911-2,  117;  XXXIXi,  1912,  133;  XLI^,  1913,  49;  XLIP,  1914,  41. 

Wilhelm  Tavernier,  Zeitschr.  f.  rom.  Phil.  XXXVIII,  1914-5,  99,  226,  412. 


DATE  DUE 


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UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBR^Mv  (  Ar  n  ny 


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